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\N  SCHOOL-  OF  PRACTIPEDICS 


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PRACTIPEDICS 


The  Science  of  Giving  Foot  Comfort 

and  Correcting  the  Cause  of 

Foot  and  Shoe  Troubles 

Based  on  the  Experience,  Inventions 

and  Methods  of 

Dr.  William  M.  Scholl 


OF. 


This  extension  course  is  official 
only  when  the  name  of  the  student  to 
whom  it  is  issued,  and  the  seal  of  the 
school,  appears  on  this  page. 


Issued  to  and  for  the  personal  use 


student  no 


AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  PRACTIPEDICS 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


(COPYRIGHT  1917) 


COPYRIGHT  1 91 7 

BY 

AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  PRACTIPEDICS 


V 


LESSON  No.  1 


PRACTIPEDICS 
( Prak-ti-pediks) 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  GIVING  FOOT  COMFORT 

AND  CORRECTING  THE  CAUSE  OF 

FOOT  TROUBLES 

This  study  is  based  on  a  broad  principle  and  idea 
of  a  definite,  studied-out  means  of  relieving  foot  ills 
without  encroaching  upon  or  interfering  with  the 
rights  or  practice  of  the  physician,  surgeon  or  chi- 
ropodist. 

The  designation  of  Practipedic  and  the  science  it 
covers  is  based  principally  on  mechanics  and  mechan- 
ical therapeutics  as  applied  to  the  feet,  although  alle- 
viation and  prophylactic  measures  take  an  important 
part.  The  time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  Practiped- 
ist  will  have  every  recognition  and  enjoy  the  prom- 
inence, and  scientific  as  well  as  social  recognition  of 
his  profession. 

The  numerous  conditions  of  the  feet  to  be  found 
needing  the  assistance  as  provided  in  practipedics  will 
at  once  secure  the  co-operation  of  physicians,  sur- 
geons and  chiropodists,  who  will  be  only  too  glad  to 
send  their  patients  to  a  man  educated  and  qualified 
by  the  study  of  this  course. 

It  is  essentially  prepared  for  instructing  shoe  deal- 
ers and  their  salesmen  in  the  art  of  handling  the  feet, 
giving  them  a  practical  knowledge  of  anatomy,  phys- 
iology and  the  normal  use  of  the  feet,  with  a  complete 
and  practical  outline  on  foot  troubles  and  their  cor- 
rection by  the  methods  used  in  the  wide  and  success- 
ful practice  of  Dr.  William  M.  Scholl,  foremost 
authority  on  the  mechanical  treatment  of  deformities 
of  the  foot. 

The  course,  when  mastered,  will  mean  added  power 
to  anyone  who  has  to  do  with  the  feet.  The  principal 
opening  for  the  qualified  Practipedist  is  in  the  shoe 
store.  Every  foot-fitter — every  shoe  man  can  qualify 
by  carefully  studying  this  course. 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

In  beginning  with  the  study  of  Lesson  No.  1,  please 
bear  in  mind  that  the  author  has  endeavored  to  handle 
the  subject  in  an  elementary  and  understandable  man- 
ner, and,  if  the  outline  and  suggestions  are  carefully 
followed,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  completing  the 
course  with  high  honors. 

This  course  of  study  is  intended  to  qualify  one  to 
scientifically  fit  shoes,  appliances  and  other  devices 
that  are  designed  and  recommended  for  specific  pur- 
poses and  nothing  more.  It  gives  no  one  the  right  to 
give  treatments,  of  any  kind  whatsoever  and  the  in- 
structors wish  to  make  it  clear  that  its  graduates 
should  not  deviate  from  the  instruction  given  herein. 

Nearly  every  State  in  the  Union  has  laws  govern- 
ing the  practice  of  Chiropody,  and  the  giving  of  treat- 
ments or  the  cutting  of  corns  or  callosities  would  be, 
in  most  instances,  a  violation  of  the  Chiropody  Act. 

Each  and  every  student  enrolled  is  duty  bound  to 
do  his  best,  to  concentrate  his  efforts  and  to  hon- 
estly pursue  his  studies  of  the  course  until  they  are 
completed. 

The  simplest  way  to  proceed  with  the  study  is  by 
commencing  with  Lesson  No.  1,  thoroughly  master- 
ing it,  and  be  able  to  answer  the  review  questions  be- 
fore proceeding  with  Lesson  No.  2.  Then  complete 
Lesson  No.  2  before  studying  Lesson  No.  3.  Then 
when  the  entire  five  lessons  have  been  studied  by  you 
and  you  are  ready  to  answer  the  examination  ques- 
tions notify  this  school  and  a  set  of  examination  ques- 
tions and  blanks  for  replies  will  be  sent  you.  This 
examination  paper  will  then  be  corrected  and  graded 
and  you  will  be  notified  whether  your  grade  is  high 
enough  to  entitle  you  to  be  graduated.  Should  it  not 
be,  you  can  study  further  and  then  take  a  new  exam- 
ination.   Do  not  send  in  answers  to  review  questions. 

Students  are  invited  to  write  to  the  instructor  of 
the  school  on  any  point  not  clear. 

AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  PRACTIPEDICS 
Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


American   School   of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


TO  THE  STUDENT: 

The  purpose  of  this  course  is  to  teach  the  funda- 
mental basis  of  foot  comfort,  i.  e.,  Anatomy,  so  as  to 
understand  thoroughly  the  functioning  of  the  normal 
foot,  to  understand  the  positions  and  locations  and 
bones  of  the  foot,  the  different  types  of  feet,  weak- 
nesses and  foot  troubles  and  how  they  develop  and 
how  they  may  be  relieved  and  permanently  corrected 
by  properly  fitted  shoes  and  scientifically  constructed 
and  adjusted  appliances. 

This  Home  Study  Course  naturally  requires  study 
and  close  attention,  but  as  you  progress  you  will  find 
many  important  points  that  you  can  make  use  of 
every  day.     This  is  especially  true  of  the  shoe  fitter. 

The  instructor  advises  every  student  to  have  a  skel- 
eton of  the  foot  to  refer  to,  if  it  can  be  obtained  for 
study  purposes. 

Study  this  lesson  carefully  and  when  you  have  com- 
pleted your  study,  go  over  the  review  questions  be- 
fore proceeding  with  the  study  of  Lesson  No.  2. 

American  School  of  Practipedics 

211  W.  Schiller  Street 

Chicago,  III. 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


ANATOMY 

To  the  Student:  Anatomy  is  a  very  important 
branch  of  the  study  of  Practipedics.  It  is  very  essen- 
tial that  you  thoroughly  understand  the  human  foot 
and  the  various  parts  that  go  to  make  it  such  an  im- 
portant and  useful  member.  Please  read  carefully, 
and  refer  to  the  easily  understood  illustrations  as  you 
go  along.  If  there  are  words  you  do  not  understand 
the  significance  of,  you  should  obtain  a  copy  of  the 
^Dictionary  of  the  Foot"  so  as  to  be  able  to  properly 
pronounce  the  words  and  understand  their  meaning. 


LESSON  No.  1 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  FOOT 

The  foot  is  composed  of  bones,  muscles,  ligaments, 
tendons,  nerves,  arteries,  veins,  fat  tissue  substance, 
skin  and  nails. 

BONES 

The  skeleton  or  framework  of  the  human  foot  con- 
sists of  twenty-six  bones  arranged  so  as  to  permit 
considerable  movement  at  the  various  joints. 

The  bones  act  as  a  framework  or  support  to  the 
fleshy  part.  The  study  of  the  bones  is  very  important, 
particularly  for  the  Practipedist,  in  that  most  all  foot 
troubles,  such  as  treated  by  the  Practipedist,  result 
from  some  abnormal  positioning  or  displacement  of 
the  various  bones. 

Another  reason  why  the  bones  or  framework  should 
be  carefully  studied  is  that  they  serve  the  purpose  of 
easily  recognizing  the  cause  of  the  ailment,  because 
in  Practipedics,  after  relief  is  given  the  cause  is  cor- 
rected. 

The  bones  of  the  foot  are  irregular  in  shape  and 
vary  in  size  from  the  largest  bone,  which  is  the  Os 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


N2 Nff  OlSTAl  PHALANX 

2ND  MEDIAL  PHALANX 


18T  DISTAL  PHALANX- 


1ST  PROXIMAL  phalanx! 


2nd  PROXIMAL  PHALANX 
3bd  OISTAL  PHALANX 
3RO  MEDIAL  PHALANX 

rd  PROXIMAL  PHALANX 
4th  DISTAL  PHALANX 


4th  MEDIAL  PHALANX 

4th  PROXIMAL  PHALANX 


5th  DISTAL  PHALAN 


5th  MEDIAL  PHALANX 

5th  proximal  phalanx, 
1st  metatarsal 

2nd  METATARSAL 
, 3RD  METATARSAL 


,  4th  METATARSAL 
.  5th  METATARSAL 

,  INTERNAL  CUNEIFORM 

MIDDLE  CUNEIFORM 
EXTERNAL  CUNEIFORM 

SCAPHOID 

CUBOID 

ASTRAGALUS 

OS  CALSIS 


No.   1.     Bones  of  the  foot — a  top  view. 


American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


Calsis,  measuring  two  and  one-half  inches  long,  to 
the  smallest,  the  Distal  Phalanges,  which  are  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  long. 

The  bones  of  the  foot  may  be  divided  into  three 
sections  known  as  the  Tarsus,  Metatarsus  and  Pha- 
langes. 

The  Tarsus  group  of  bones  consists  of  the  Os  Cal- 
sis, Astragalus,  Scaphoid,  internal  Cuneiform,  middle 
Cuneiform,  external  Cuneiform  and  Cuboid,  or  a  total 
of  seven  bones. 

METATARSUS 


No.  2.     Bones    of   the   foot   divided    into    three    groups — Tarsus,    Metatarsus 
and  Phalanges. 

The  Metatarsus  consists  of  the  five  metatarsal 
bones,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4  and  5.  No.  1  begins  at  the  inside 
or  great  toe  side  of  the  foot.  These  bones  form  the  in- 
step and  forward  or  anterior  end  together  with  the 
bones  of  the  toes  form  the  ball  of  foot. 


INTERNAL 
CUNEIFORM 
METATARSALS 
SESAMOID 


SCAPHOID  m     , 

S     IOS  CALS 

No.  3.     Bones  of  the  foot — inside  view. 

(Student  will  please  refer  to  illustration  No.  1  showing  skeleton  of 

foot  with  the  respective  names  of  each  bone,  showing  the  top  view. 

Also  illustration  showing  division  of  the  bones  of  the  foot,) 


10 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

The  Phalanges,  or  the  bones  of  the  toes,  consist  of 
fourteen  bones.  There  are  three  bones  in  each  toe 
except  the  great  toe,  which  has  but  two. 

The  largest  bone  in  the  foot  is  the  Os  Calsis  or 
Heel  Bone.  It  is  to  this  bone  that  the  big,  heavy  Ten- 
don Achilles  is  attached.  This  tendon  is  a  continua- 
tion of  the  muscles  of  the  calf  of  the  leg  which  act  as 
a  lift  or  leverage  in  raising  the  foot  in  the  process  of 
walking. 


No.  4.  Showing  bones  of  the  thigh.  Femur,  and  bones  of  the  leg,  Tibia, 
Fibula  and  Patella,  or  knee  cap.  This  also  shows  how  the  weight 
is  carried  down  into  the  foot. 

There  is  a  reason  for  there  being  so  many  bones 
in  the  foot.  It  is  to  give  numerous  joints  or  articu- 
lations which  permit  various  movements  and  in  that 
way  supply  flexibility  in  walking,  running  or  jumping. 

11 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

These  numerous  joints  also  have  a  tendency  to  break 
the  jar  of  sudden  impact,  which,  if  the  foot  was  one 
or  two  solid  bones,  might  cause  a  fracture.  Because 
of  these  twenty-six  bones  and  numerous  joints,  it  is, 
however,  very  easy  for  bone  displacements  to  take 
place. 


■'■'A 


VI 


No.  5.  To  the  student:  This  illustration  will  show  how  the  entire  weight 
of  the  body  is  carried  into  the  foot  and  is  suspended  by  the  high 
point  of  the  arch. 

MUSCLES 

Muscles  supply  the  motive  power  for  moving  and 
giving  various  motions  to  the  foot  and  leg.  Muscles 
consist  of  fibrous  tissue  intermixed  with  nerves,  blood 


12 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

vessels,  arteries,  etc.,  and  are  subject  to  nerve  stimula, 
which  allows  shortening  and  thickening,  contracting 
and  extending,  in  order  to  provide  the  various  move- 
ments of  the  bones  or  framework. 


OS    CALSIS 


*W 


No.  6.  This  shows  first  layer  of  muscles  on  sole  of  the  foot.  These  muscles 
are  attached  to  the  Os  Calsis  and  branch  out  to  their  tendons  toward 
the  toes,  where  they  are  inserted.  There  are  four  layers  of  muscles 
on  the  sole. 


LIGAMENTS 

All  of  the  bones  of  the  foot  are  held  together  at 
their  joints,  or  articulations,  by  numerous  ligaments 
of  great  strength  and,  while  permitting  only  slight 
movement  of  each  joint,  they  do,  however,  provide 
for  considerable  motion  of  the  foot  in  its  entirety. 

13 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

Ligaments  consist  of  bands  of  flexible,  inextensible, 
fibrous  tissue  which  connect  the  various  bones  and 
limit  the  movements  of  the  joints.  The  arch  of  the 
foot  is  principally  maintained  in  the  passive  state  by 
this  fibrous  structure. 

When  the  ligaments  become  strained  or  stretched 
and  lose  their  tone,  they  allow  the  bones  of  the  foot 
to  drop  from  their  natural  position,  or  articulation, 
which  is  one  of  the  causes  of  broken  arch  and  flat  foot. 


Short  plantar  tig-; 
Long  plantar^/* 


No.  7.     Showing  the  long  and  short  plantar  ligaments  and  how  they  connect 
and  give  support  to  the  arch. 

When  this  takes  place  the  natural  action  of  the 
muscles,  as  explained  above,  is  interfered  with,  and 
in  order  to  restore  the  strength  and  tone  to  the  liga- 
ments, it  is  necessary  to  relieve  the  strain  and  abnor- 
mal pressure. 

TENDONS 

Tendons  consist  of  fibrous  cords  (slightly  flattened) 
which  are  the  continuation  of  the  muscles.  The  func- 
tion of  a  tendon  is  to  attach  the  muscle  to  the  bone 
or  bones  to  be  moved. 

(It  is  well  for  the  student  to  observe  the  different 
structures;  bones  that  make  up  the  skeleton  frame- 
work— muscles  that  supply  the  motive  power  for  giv- 
ing various  motions — ligaments  that  hold  together  the 

14 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

various  joints  or  articulations  and  tendons  that  attach 
the  muscles  to  the  bone  or  part  to  be  moved.) 

The  Achilles  Tendon  is  attached  to  the  Os  Calsis 
or  Heel  Bone  and  is  the  largest  and  strongest  tendon 
in  the  foot  or  in  the  whole  body. 


US  THIS 

vtmitii' 

fJJMT 


No.  7A.  Showing  Achilles  Tendon  (Tendo  Achilles)  attached  to  heel  sev- 
ered to  show  relative  size  comparing  with  the  other  structures  of 
the  leg. 

This    illustration    also    shows    other    muscles,    arteries,    veins,    etc.,    of    the    leg. 


15 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 
REVIEW  QUESTIONS  FOR  LESSON  No.  1 


To  the  Student: 

After  you  have  read  this  lesson  it  is  well  for  you  to 
answer  the  following  quiz  or  review  questions.  If 
you  are  not  able  to  fully  answer  any  of  the  questions, 
then  please  refer  to  the  text  until  it  is  quite  clear  in 
your  mind.  These  review  questions  are  not  the  ex- 
amination but  one  or  more  of  these  questions  may  be 
covered  in  the  final  examination,  therefore  it  is  well 
to  learn  thoroughly  the  subjects  as  you  go  along. 

(1)  How  many  bones  in  the  foot? 

(2)  What  bones  form  the  tarsus? 

(3)  What  is  the  largest  bone  in  the  foot? 

(4)  How  many  bones  in  the  toes? 

(5)  In  what  way  do  the  bones  in  the  little  toe 
differ  from  those  in  the  great  toe? 

(6)  What  is  the  function  of  a  muscle? 

(7)  What  is  the  function  of  a  ligament? 

(8)  What  is  a  tendon? 

Write  the  answers  as  you  remember  them,  then 
refer  to  text  to  prove  you  are  correct. 


17 


LESSON  No.  2 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 


TO  THE  STUDENT: 

Now  that  you  have  completed  Lesson  No.  1  which 
furnishes  you  with  a  basis  of  Anatomy,  you  are  ready 
to  take  up  the  one  very  important  branch  of  Practi- 
pedic  work  and  that  is  the  poise  and  balance  of  the 
bodys  weight  through  the  different  arches  of  the 
foot. 

In  studying  these  lessons  we  suggest  that  you  have 
a  member  of  your  family  remove  their  shoes  so  that 
you  may  point  out  from  the  descriptions  given  in  this 
course  the  exact  locations  of  the  different  arches  and 
in  that  way,  it  will  be  much  easier  for  you  to  memo- 
rize the  names  and  their  respective  locations. 

This  is  a  short  lesson  and,  when  you  have  com- 
pleted it,  you  may  proceed  with  the  study  of  Lesson 
No.  3.  By  this  method  of  study  you  will  quickly  ac- 
quire a  very  complete  knowledge  of  this  important 
subject. 


20 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 


LESSON  No.  2 


ARCHES  OF  THE  FOOT 

To  promote  the  elasticity  of  the  foot,  and  to  provide 
strength  and  motion  in  walking,  so  that  this  collection 
of  twenty-six  bones  will  be  able  to  properly  support 
the  weight  of  the  body,  they  are  arranged  in  the  form 
of  arches.  These  arches  are  four  in  number: 

The  Inner  Longitudinal  Arch,  No.  1 
The  Outer  Longitudinal  Arch,  No.  2 
The  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch,  No.  3 
The  Transverse  Arch,  No.  4 

INNER  LONGITUDINAL  ARCH 

The  Inner  Longitudinal  Arch  is  the  one  most  rec- 
ognized by  the  general  public  as  being  the  arch  of 


No.  8.  Showing  the  inner  longitudinal  arch  commencing  at  the  Os  Calsis 
forward  to  the  first  metatarso-phalangeal  joint.  This  is  the  long 
arch  of  the  foot. 


the  foot,  and  while  this  arch  has  a  very  important 
bearing  on  foot  troubles,  the  other  three  are  very  im- 
portant and  must  be  very  carefully  considered  by  the 
student. 

The  Inner  Longitudinal  Arch  commences  at  the 

21 


American   School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

inner  border  of  the  Os  Calsis  from  behind  and  ex- 
tends forward  to  the  first  metatarsal.  It  is  composed 
of  the  Os  Calsis,  Astragalus,  Scaphoid,  Internal  Cu- 
neiform, and  first  metatarsal. 

This  arch  is  supported  by  ligaments  and  plantar 
fascia  which  stretches  across  the  concavity  like  a 


No.  9.  Showing  the  outer  longitudinal  arch  from  the  Os  Calsis  to  the  fifth 
metatarso-phalangeal  joint.  (Student  will  please  note  that  the  ele- 
vation of  the  outer  longitudinal  arch  is  very  slight.) 

bow  string  across  a  bow,  which  gives  it  elasticity  and 
allows  it  to  return  to  its  original  length  each  time 
weight  is  thrown  upon  it. 

OUTER  LONGITUDINAL  ARCH 

The  Outer  Longitudinal  Arch  follows  the  line  of  the 
inner  longitudinal  arch  except  that  it  is  on  the  outside 
of  the  foot.  It  extends  from  the  Os  Calsis  or  heel 
bone  to  the  head  of  the  fifth  metatarsal  and  is  formed 
by  the  Os  Calsis,  Cuboid,  and  fifth  Metatarsal.  It  is 
well  to  remember,  in  this  arch,  that  the  elevation  is 
only  very  slight  and  that  the  high  point  of  the  inner 
longitudinal  arch  at  the  Astragalus  diminishes  to  the 


No.  10.     Showing  the  Anterior   Metatarsal  Arch.     This   arch  extends  trans- 
versely  between  the  first  and  fifth   metatarsal  head. 

22 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


ANTERIOR 
METATARSAL  ARCH 


TRANSVERSE 
ARCH 


No.  11.  Showing  the  bones  of  the  foot,  top  view.  First  pointer  shows  the 
position  of  the  Transverse  Arch  and  second  pointer  shows  the  loca- 
tion of  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch. 

23 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

outer  longitudinal  arch  where  there  is  just  a  slight 
space  when  the  person  stands  barefooted  on  the  floor. 

The  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  is  also  very  impor- 
tant. It  extends  between  the  first  and  fifth  metatar- 
sal bones.  It  is  formed  by  the  heads  of  the  1st,  2nd, 
3rd,  4th  and  5th  metatarsals.  When  this  arch  is  nor- 
mal there  is  a  perfect  dome-like  shaping  between  the 
great  toe  joint  and  the  little  toe  joint. 

The  Transverse  Arch  extends  across  the  foot,  be- 
tween the  Cuboid  and  Internal  Cuneiform  bone.  This 
arch  is  frequently  affected  when  there  is  a  breaking 
down  of  the  longitudinal  arch  posteriorly.  (Posterior 
means  the  backward  part  and  Anterior  meaning  the 
forward  part.) 

Student:  Observe  that  the  purpose  of  these  arches 
is  to  increase  strength  and  elasticity  to  the  foot  at  the 
same  time  to  provide  a  hollow  space  for  protecting  the 
muscles,  nerves,  arteries  and  veins  from  pressure. 
For  if  these  arches  are  depressed  they  at  once  inter- 
fere with  other  natural  functions. 

USE  OF  THE  FOOT 

The  author's  definition  of  a  normal  foot  is  one  that 
performs  its  functions  and  attends  to  the  work  im- 
posed upon  it  without  discomfort  or  pain;  one  that 
has  generally  natural  lines,  in  that  the  bones  are  not 
displaced  and  that  the  four  arches  are  perfectly 
formed,  and  the  external  surfaces  of  the  foot  free 
from  excrescences  and  abnormal  growths,  such  as 
corns,  bunions,  callouses,  protruding  or  prominent 
joints,  etc. 

The  foot  is  intended  to  carry  the  body's  weight  and 
it  should  do  so,  gracefully,  comfortably  and  naturally, 
if  it  is  normal. 

Why  should  people's  feet  tire  any  more  than  their 

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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

hands?  The  foot  is  constructed  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  the  weight  of  the  body,  carrying  it  and  doing 
so  comfortably.  If  there  are  pains,  discomforts,  and 
fatigue,  the  foot  is  not  normal  and  therefore  requires 
a  scientific  application  of  Practipedic  treatment. 


No.  12.  The  black  dots  show  the  three  bearing  points  of  the  normal  foot 
which  are  the  Os  Calsis,  the  first  metatarso-phlangeal  joint  and 
the  fifth  metatarso-phalangeal  joint.  This  gives  the  foot  the  tri- 
pod bearing  points. 

Now  consider  the  disturbing  influences  which  cause 
foot  troubles.  How  a  person  may  overwork,  may 
stand  on  their  feet  excessively,  long  hours,  may  wear 
too  tight  shoes,  short  shoes,  pointed  toe  and  ill-fitting 
hosiery  or  take  on  weight  suddenly,  all  of  which  go 
to  distort  the  feet  and  cause  abnormal  conditions. 

(The  student  now  having  an  understandable  knowl- 
edge of  the  structure  of  the  foot  should  refer  to  the 
illustrations  in  the  preceding  lessons  or  obtain  a 
human  skeleton  of  the  human  foot  in  order  to  more 
closely  study  this  framework  and  its  action.) 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 
REVIEW  QUESTIONS  FOR  LESSON  No.  2 


To  the  Student: 

In  this  lesson  you  have  covered  a  very  important 
section  in  the  study  of  Practipedics,  and  so  that  you 
will  have  no  difficulty  in  thoroughly  understanding 
all  of  the  different  points  contained  in  this  lesson, 
the  instructor  asks  you  to  be  particular  to  be  able  to 
answer  all  of  the  following  review  questions.  It  will 
be  very  useful  to  you  as  you  go  along.  It  is  further 
suggested  as  a  help  that  you  remove  your  shoes  and 
note  the  location  of  these  arches  on  your  own  feet. 

(1)  How  many  arches  in  the  foot? 

(2)  Name  them. 

(3)  Where  is  the  inner  longitudinal  arch  located? 

(4)  What  bones  form  the  transverse  arch? 

(5)  What   bones   form   the   anterior   metatarsal 
arch? 

(6)  Why  is  it  so  important  to  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  arches  of  the  foot? 

(7)  How  many  bearing  points  in  a  normal  foot? 


27 


LESSON  No.  3 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


TO  THE  STUDENT: 

This  lesson  will  be  given  up  to  the  study  of  abnor- 
malities— the  underlying  causes  of  foot  troubles.  You 
will  notice  that  in  each  instance  there  is  an  involve- 
ment of  the  bones  or  framework  of  the  foot.  This  is 
very  important  for  you  to  understand.  Every  man 
who  fits  feet,  sells  shoes  or  has  to  do  with  footwear 
should  possess  the  knowledge  that  you  have  now 
gained  and  put  it  to  practical  application. 

Without  a  question  of  a  doubt  the  information  and 
knowledge  that  you  will  gather  from  this  lesson  is  of 
the  most  importance  that  you  have  to  understand. 
There  are  so  many  persons  suffering  from  conditions 
which  are  described  in  this  lesson  that  you  will  be 
amazed  at  the  amount  of  work  that  you  will  have  to 
do  under  this  particular  subject. 

After  you  have  thoroughly  studied  this  lesson  and 
correctly  answered  the  review  questions,  you  may 
proceed  with  Lesson  No.  4.  Please  do  not  "skip" 
through  the  course,  but  study  it  methodically  as  out' 
lined  by  the  instructor. 


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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


LESSON  No.  3 


WEAK  OR  FALLEN  ARCH— WEAK  FOOT 

When  the  ligaments,  which  hold  the  bones  form- 
ing the  arch  in  their  natural  arched  positions,  become 
strained  or  lose  their  tone,  a  condition  of  weak  or 
fallen  arch  results.  This  is  strictly  a  weakened  foot 
condition.  You  will  find  this  condition  among  men 
and  women,  probably  more  among  the  latter. 

The  weak  foot  condition  is  the  first  stage  of  a  con- 
dition later  developing  into  broken  down  arch  or  flat- 
foot.  This  early  stage  is  more  prevalent  and  is  less 
understood  and  recognized  by  the  public.  It  is,  never- 
theless, a  condition  that  the  Practipedist  should  be 
careful  to  recognize  and  apply  the  proper  corrective 
appliances  so  as  to  prevent  the  more  serious  and  ad- 
vanced stage  of  foot  weakness. 

It  is  well  for  the  student  to  understand,  while  on 
this  subject,  that  the  weak  foot  and  flat  foot  condi- 
tions can  be  divided  into  several  stages  of  develop- 
ment: 

No.  1 — Weak  foot,  the  early  stage  of. 

No.  2 — Weak  foot  where  there  is  a  structural 
change  in  the  contour  present. 

No.  3 — Weak  foot  where  the  arch  is  somewhat  flat- 
tened when  the  patient  stands. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

No.  A — Advanced  flat-foot  where  the  foot  has  lost 
its  natural  arching  and  assumes  a  flattened  condition. 


No.  13.     This  sketch  shows  a  typical  case  of  weak   foot  where  the  arch  is 
somewhat  flattened. 


By  classifying  these  stages  you  will  be  able  to  more 
quickly  recognize  the  different  defects  and  know  that 


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American  School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

in  many  cases  there  is  need  for  a  scientifically  ad- 
justed appliance,  even  though  the  outward  appearance 
of  the  foot  is  nearly  normal,  such  as  you  will  find  in 
Condition  No.  1. 


Fig.  A 

No.  14.     Sketches   show  approximate  position   of  foot   in  shoe.      Please  note 
A  and  B. 

(A)  Showing  approximate  position  of  bones  in  a  normally 
arched  foot  and  how  by  being  properly  arched  the  foot  is 
held  up  and  toe  is  kept  away  from  end  of  shoe. 


Fig.  B 


CB)  Showing  relative  position  of  bones  in  a  weak  arch  and  how 
it  permits  the  foot  to  elongate  and  be  pushed  into  the  toe 
of  the  shoe. 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

WEAK  FOOT 

When  the  shoes  are  removed,  the  feet  may  appear 
perfectly  normal;  in  fact,  in  many  cases,  the  arches 
are  high  and  appear  well  developed  while  there  is, 
however,  a  flabbiness  and  loss  of  tone  to  the  tissues. 

SYMPTOMS 

The  person  will  complain  of  tiring  and  tenderness 
in  the  heels,  a  tendency  to  sudden  turning  of  the  ankle, 
and  occasionally  the  ankles  become  swollen  and  pain- 
ful. Constant  standing  or  walking  causes  general 
discomfort  in  the  feet.    Tiredness  saps  vitality  and  is 


No.  15.     Showing  a  weak  foot  with  very  normal  shape  of  inner  longitudinal 
arch. 


due  to  the  weakness  and  strain  on  the  foot  structures. 
The  foot  usually  slides  forward  into  the  toe  of  the 
shoe,  causing  discomfort  to  the  toes.  The  customer 
will  also  complain  that  the  shoes  do  not  fit  and  feel 
comfortable.  There  is  a  tendency  for  the  ankles  to 
rotate.  The  feet  sometimes  burn  on  the  soles  and  are 
extremely  tender,  while  in  other  cases  the  feet  appear 
cold  and  uncomfortable  in  that  way.  Another  symp- 
tom is  callouses  along  the  great  toe  on  the  ball  of  the 
foot. 


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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

CAUSES 

The  cause  of  weak  foot  is  practically  the  same  as 
flat-foot.  Flat-foot  is  the  advanced  stage  of  weak  foot 
which  develops  into  the  flattened  condition.  There 
are  many  causes.  Those  who  do  much  standing  in 
one  position  or  do  much  walking  are  subject  to  this 
condition.  Improper  shoes  and  improperly  fitted 
shoes  weaken  the  foot  structures.  Occupational 
causes  seem  to  be  very  prevalent.  Those  who  are 
compelled  to  stand  long  hours  on  their  feet,  such  as 
waiters,  barbers,  mail  carriers,  clerks  in  stores,  cooks, 
machinists,  bar-tenders,  and  policemen  are  all  sub- 
ject to  foot  strain,  which  later  develops  into  a  condi- 
tion of  flat-foot.  Overwork,  strain,  constant  wrench- 
ing, causing  injury,  illness,  etc.,  which  weakens  the 
tissues,  are  all  causes.  Adults  who  take  on  increased 
weight  suddenly,  or  those  who  carry  heavy  weights, 
all  of  which  causes  undue  strain  on  the  ligaments 
and  muscles  of  the  arch,  are  apt  to  find  that  these 
bring  about  weak  foot  conditions. 

Favoring  a  certain  portion  of  the  foot,  to  escape 
the  pain  of  a  corn,  callous  or  bunion,  or  throwing 
the  weight  on  to  one  foot  because  of  an  injury  or 
painful  condition  of  the  other  foot,  changing  from 
one  style  of  shoe  to  another,  wearing  short  and 
pointed  toe  hosiery,  changing  from  a  high  heel  to  a 
low  heel  causes  abnormal  strain  and  weakness. 

Among  children,  it  is  caused  by  rapid  growth  and 
acquiring  abnormal  weight  before  the  structures 
have  accommodated  themselves  to  additional  strain. 
This  condition  is  frequently  present  among  children 
between  the  ages  of  five  and  fourteen. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

DIAGNOSIS 

Cases  of  weak  foot  can  be  diagnosed,  first,  from 
the  symptoms  as  outlined  above.  Second,  by  asking 
questions.  Third,  by  manual  examination,  as  palpa- 
tion and  twisting  of  the  foot.  Fourth,  examining  the 
shoes.  It  is  very  easy  to  notice  whether  the  shoe  is 
spread  out  of  shape,  whether  the  heels  are  run  down, 
and  if  the  shanks  have  lost  their  natural  arched  shape. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  stage  No.  1,  when 
the  shoe  is  removed  the  foot  will  look  practically  nor- 
mal, and  therefore  the  early  stage  of  weak  foot  should 
be  diagnosed  from  the  symptoms  and  queries  put  to 
the  customer  such  as: 

Do  your  feet  tire?  Do  the  soles  of  your  feet  burn? 
Are  they  tender?  Do  your  toes  feel  cramped?  Have 
you  weak  ankles?  Do  you  tire  easily  after  much 
standing  or  walking?    Do  your  feet  perspire? 

Then  examine  the  foot.  By  putting  pressure  on 
the  head  of  the  first  metatarsal  while  you  grasp  the 


No.  16.  Testing  the  foot  for  weak  arch.  With  one  hand  take  hold  of  the 
heel  and  with  the  other  hand  bring  pressure  against  the  ball  and 
also  manipulate  to  see  how  much  resistance  there  is  to  the  structures. 

heel,  you  can  see  whether  there  is  much  weakness 
present  and  whether  it  is  in  the  first  or  second  stage 
of  development.  Always  look  at  the  customer's  old 
shoes  very  carefully.    They  often  give  you  an  idea. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

The  first  thought  is  to  give  comfort  to  the  wearer 
and  to  prevent  further  development  of  the  weakened 
foot  condition.  This  is  done  by  fitting  the  light, 
springy  appliance — Dr.  ScholTs  Foot-Eazer. 


No.  17.     Showing  application  of  Foot-Eazer  to  a  weakened  arch.     It  should 
be  arched  high  enough  to  fit  snugly  into  the  cavity  of  the  arch. 

The  correct  size  should  be  first  selected  and  it 
should  then  be  fitted  to  meet  the  contour  of  the  foot 
arched  quite  highly  so  as  to  support  the  bone  struc- 
ture and  prevent  further  strain  and  tension  on  the 
already  weakened  or  deficient  foot  structures. 

The  Foot-Eazer  is  of  double  spring  construction  so 
that  the  top  plate  slides  easily  on  the  under  spring, 
giving  firm  support,  yet  permitting  a  certain  amount 
of  flexibility  and  motion  so  as  to  stimulate  muscular 
activity.  The  foot  should  be  carefully  measured  to 
ascertain  if  the  patient  is  wearing  the  proper  size 
shoe,  so  that  the  ball  of  the  foot  will  set  at  the  broad 
part  of  the  tread  or  at  the  inner  shank  curve. 

In  addition,  look  to  the  stocking.  If  the  customer 
has  been  wearing  short  or  pointed  toe  stockings  they 
should  be  told  to  wear  a  kind  that  will  overcome  any 

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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

restriction  and  permit  free  use  of  the  foot  and  toes. 
See  Lesson  No.  5  for  use  of  arch  fitting  machine  to 
do  adjusting  of  appliances  to  the  individual  foot. 

WEAK  FOOT  WHERE  THERE  IS  A  STRUC- 
TURAL CHANGE  IN  THE  CONTOUR 
PRESENT 

In  this  stage,  when  the  customer  stands,  there  is  a 
slight  tipping  in  at  the  inner  border  of  the  arch  or 
ankle  joint.  The  foot  also  elongates  quite  consider- 
ably when  weight  is  placed  upon  the  feet.  There  is 
a  slight  spreading.  The  outer  longitudinal  arch  is 
flattened  so  that  the  Cuboid  bone,  the  heel  and  the 
fifth  metatarsal  practically  touch  the  floor.  (This 
outer  longitudinal  arch,  remember,  should  be  slightly 
arched  without  touching  the  floor  when  standing.) 

SYMPTOMS 
Symptoms  in  this  stage  are  practically  the  same  as 
those  already  described  except  that  they  become 
slightly  more  acute,  because  as  soon  as  the  structural 
change  takes  place  the  natural  balance  of  the  foot  is 
interfered  with  and  strain  is  thrown  onto  the  various 
parts  of  the  foot. 


No.  18.     Showing  a  weakened  arch  with  enlargement  at  the  great  toe  joint 
and  bunion  formation. 

In  this  stage  greater  weight  is  thrown  upon  the  first 
metatarso-phalangeal  joint  which  often  produces  a 
redness,  tenderness  and  even  swelling.    The  toes  are 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

cramped,  shoes  are  thrown  out  of  shape  and  the  pa- 
tient complains  of  extreme  discomfort,  rotating  of  the 
ankle  outward  or  inward  is  noticeable.  There  are 
pains  through  the  heel  and  ankle,  often  swelling. 
Pressure  on  the  arch  will  cause  it  to  slightly  flatten. 
The  heels  of  the  shoes  are  worn  crooked.    The  per- 


No.  18A.     Showing  bones  of  weakened  arch  foot;   how  it  looks  with  weight 
on  foot. 

son  will  complain  that  walking  over  rough  pavements 
or  cobblestones  or  on  rough,  uneven  surfaces  will 
cause  wrenching  and  pain  on  the  sole.  There  is  also 
tenderness  and  sometimes  pain  or  a  callosity  along 
the  edge  of  the  fifth  metatarsal  extending  out  to  the 
ends  of  the  toes.  Callouses  also  appear  around  the 
heel  and  on  the  ball  of  the  foot. 

CAUSES 

The  causes  are  practically  the  same  as  weak  foot 
in  the  early  stage,  as  previously  explained.  Of  course, 
after  the  foot  has  become  even  slightly  weakened  the 
condition  advances  more  rapidly  because  the  same 
feeling  of  support  which  the  shoe  counter  gives  is 
lost  and  with  the  disturbance  of  the  balance  or  poise 
of  the  foot  the  strain  becomes  more  severe. 

Then  again,  where  there  is  a  weakened  longitu- 
dinal arch,  it  naturally  causes  a  spreading  trans- 
versely, forcing  down  the  outer  longitudinal  arch, 
causing  that  much  more  strain  to  the  ligaments. 

DIAGNOSIS 

In  addition  to  putting  the  queries  to  the  patient, 
examine  the  foot  carefully.    You  will  find  tender  and 

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American   School   of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

painful  areas.  These  can  be  located  by  pressing 
with  your  thumb  or  index  fingers  over  the  different 
areas  of  the  foot,  such  as  the  tuberosity  of  the  heel, 
where  the  plantar  ligament  and  fascia  is  attached. 
There  is  usually  slight  pain  or  tenderness  there, 
then  causing  pressure  at  the  different  metatarsal  heads 
commencing  at  the  first  metatarso-phalangeal  joint 
by  manipulating  the  great  toe.  See  if  there  is  ten- 
derness in  the  outer  longitudinal  arch.  Have  the  pa- 
tient stand  and  notice  if  the  weight  causes  the  ankles 
to  turn  in  or  out  and  if  the  arches  are  lower. 


No.  19.  Showing  a  weak  foot  where  structural  change  has  taken  place.  In 
these  cases  the  Astragalus  rotates  inward  and  in  examinations  you 
can  notice  the  prominence  of  these  bones. 

Again  examine  the  shoe.  Note  if  there  is  any  swell- 
ing through  the  ankle  or  through  the  foot.  Ask  your 
customer  questions  that  will  lead  up  to  this.  It  is  very 
easy  to  diagnose  this  condition  because  there  is  in- 
variably callous  formation,  burning  or  tenderness  on 
the  soles,  and  the  patient  usually  complains  of  the 
shoes  being  the  cause.  It  is  a  fact  that  persons  hav- 
ing this  trouble  will  blame  their  shoes. 

Run  your  hands  inside  the  shoe  and  notice  if  there 
are  any  depressions  or  wrinkles  caused  by  uneven 
distribution  of  the  weight  and  a  tendency  for  the  foot 
to  stretch  out  because  in  this  stage  the  arch  weakens 
and  allows  the  foot  to  elongate  and  stretch  more  than 
in  the  normal. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

In  this  stage  will  be  found  also  many  complaints 
of  short  shoes.  The  patient  will  be  fitted  to  a  shoe 
sufficiently  long,  and  in  a  few  days'  time  complain 
that  they  are  too  short.  Therefore,  it  is  well  for  the 
Practipedist  to  set  a  rule  where  there  are  complaints 
of  short  shoes  to  make  examination  for  the  secondary 
stage  of  weak  foot. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

Treatment  is  practically  the  same  as  given  in  con- 
dition No.  1.  The  Foot-Eazer  or  Tri-Spring  arch 
should  be  applied.  If  the  person  is  quite  heavy  and 
the  weakness  quite  pronounced  the  Tri-Spring  Arch 
Support  should  be  applied.    It  gives  a  wider  base  for 


No.  20.     Showing  the  Foot-Eazer  fitted  with  weight  on  the  foot. 

support.  In  these  cases  the  appliances  should  be  fitted 
up  into  the  contour  of  the  arch  so  as  to  at  once  sup- 
port the  bone  structures  and  remove  the  strain  on 
the  ligaments  and  fascia.  In  this  stage  the  appliances 
should  be  fitted  to  hold  the  foot  into  a  nearly  nor- 
mal shape.  If  the  arch  is  fitted  up  quite  closely  to 
the  arch  proper  there  will  be  less  uncomfortable  feel- 
ing than  if  it  is  lowered  so  that  the  weak  foot  is  forced 
down  to  meet  the  elevation  of  the  appliances.  The 
operator  should  take  care  when  selecting  the  Foot- 
Eazer  or  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  as  is  best  indicated. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

Again,  hosiery  and  footwear  should  be  given  care- 
ful consideration,  and  in  this  condition  where  the 
weakness  is  more  pronounced  it  is  well  to  advise  the 
use  of  Dr.  Scholl's  Granulated  Foot  Soap,  Dr.  SchoH's 
Foot  Balm  and  Antiseptic  Foot  Powder.  These  three 
articles  should  constitute  the  home  treatment  for  the 
patient  to  use  and  are  essential  in  obtaining  the  best 
results  from  the  use  of  the  appliances. 


No.  21.  Showing  the  Foot-Eazer  inside  the  shoe  and  how  it  spans  the  weight 
from  heel  to  ball.  This  corrective  appliance  must  not  rely  upon  the 
strength  or  the  shank  of  the  shoe  in  making  corrections. 

This  treatment  first  thoroughly  cleanses  and  opens 
the  pores  of  the  skin,  stimulates  the  circulation  and 
tones  up  the  muscles  and  prevents  an  accumulation 
of  unhealthy  skin  secretions,  keeping  the  feet  soft  and 
pliable.  The  Foot  Balm  is  a  most  excellent  massage 
cream  and  relieves  painful  conditions  of  the  muscles 
and  joints. 

WEAK  FOOT,  WHEN  THE  ARCH  IS  SOME- 

WHAT  FLATTENED  WHILE  THE 

PATIENT  STANDS 

In  this  stage,  the  sufferer  usually  resorts  to  some 
home  treatment  or  purchases  shoes,  has  rubber  heels 
applied  and  often  resorts  to  liniments  and  external 
applications.  In  this  stage,  one  surely  recognizes  that 
there  is  something  wrong  with  the  feet,  while  in  the 
other  two  conditions  just  described  persons  very  fre- 
quently are  of  the  opinion  that  the  discomfort  and 
pain  is  from  a  natural  cause  and  is  produced  by  the 

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American   School   of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


No.  22.      Showing  flat-foot  and  rotated  ankle. 

shoe  or  should  be  present  as  a  result  of  over-exertion 
(or  more  than  usual  use  of  the  feet). 


SYMPTOMS 

There  is  considerable  pain  present  in  all  parts  of 
the  foot.  There  is  invariably  a  tenderness  or  painful 
condition  at  the  tuberosity  of  the  Os  Calsis  or  heel. 
There  is  likewise  a  painful  condition  at  the  great  toe 
joint.  There  is  pain  present  upon  motion  of  the  foot, 
swelling  about  the  ankles,  pains  extending  into  the 
calves  of  the  legs,  knee  and  often  into  the  thigh.  The 
feet  are  hot  and  feverish  and  are  often  so  swollen  that 
it  is  impossible  for  the  person  to  wear  his  shoes. 

In  other  cases  there  is  a  clumsy,  stiff  feeling  in 
the  feet  upon  arising  in  the  morning;  in  fact,  it  is 
frequently  practically  impossible  for  the  patient  to 
stand  barefooted  until  slight  and  careful  motions  have 
gradually  been  made.  It  is  not  until  after  the  person 
has  done  a  little  walking  that  the  stiffness  disappears. 
Then  the  pain  is  less  severe  until  the  middle  of  the 

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American   School   of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

afternoon,  when  it  becomes  quite  pronounced,  and  the 
first  thought  of  the  sufferer  is  to  get  home  and  be 
able  to  remove  the  shoes. 

By  elevating  the  feet  they  are  made  more  com- 
fortable. In  this  stage,  callouses  are  present,  as  in 
Condition  No.  2.  The  feet  perspire  profusely,  espe- 
cially around  the  heels. 


No.  23.  Showing  tender  spots  and  callous  formation  caused  by  weakened 
arch  and  flat-foot  condition.  These  callouses  are  caused  by  uneven 
distribution  of  the  body's  weight  and  these  tender  spots  and  callouses 
are  one  of  the  symptoms  of  a  weakened  arch  condition. 


It  is  not  unusual  to  notice  the  lining  of  the  shoe 
destroyed  from  this  excessive  perspiration.  The  per- 
son walks  with  a  slouchy,  dragging  gait.  The  toes  are 
turned  outward.  The  heels  are  worn  down  at  the 
inner  border.  The  soles  are  worn  through  at  the 
base  of  the  first  metatarsal,  and  often  the  toe  end  of 
the  sole  is  stubbed  off.  Shanks  are  broken  down  and 
frequently  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  is  involved. 
There  is  a  cramping  of  the  toes. 

In  nearly  every  instance  the  third,  fourth  and  fifth 

44 


American   School   of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

toes  are  slightly  contracted  and  corns  form  on  the 
top  of  the  joints.  Persons  in  this  stage  complain  of 
pains  simulating  rheumatism.  They  frequently  attend 
bathing  resorts  and  take  rheumatic  cures. 


CAUSES 

Again  the  causes  are  practically  as  outlined  in  the 
beginning  of  this  lesson.  The  student  will  soon  ac- 
quire sufficient  knowledge  so  that  he  will  add  to  the 
list  of  cases  from  his  actual  experience.  It  is  well 
to  obtain  as  much  information  from  the  patient  as 
is  possible  but  to  keep  on  the  lookout  for  improperly 
fitted  shoes,  pointed  toe  stockings,  constant  standing 
or  walking,  standing  in  one  position,  favoring  the 


No.  24.     Testing  the  foot  to  see  if  there  is  any  rigidity  or  adhesions  in  the 
region  of  the  arch. 


feet  to  escape  pressure  on  a  corn  or  callous,  heavy 
weight  bearing,  such  as  heavy  people,  wearing  of 
ordinary  rubber  heels,  debilitated  physical  condition, 
etc.    These  are  the  principal  causes. 

In  some  cases  the  patient  may  have  had  rheumatic 
neuritis  which  caused  a  weakness  of  the  feet.  Again 
venereal  disease  will  cause  erosion  at  the  articulating 
joints,  producing  weakness  and  pain.  Again  pus  ab- 
sorption from  ulcerated  teeth,  infected  tonsils,  etc., 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

which  is  deposited  into  the  weakened  structures,  may 
cause  erosion  and  pain. 


PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

In  this  stage,  treatment  is  practically  the  same  as 
Nos.  1  and  2  except  that  where  structural  changes 
have  taken  place  more  support  must  be  given.  The 
object  is  to  lift  the  misplaced  and  depressed  bones 
to  their  true  positions.  This,  of  course,  must  be  done 
gradually  so  that  the  appliances,  although  allowing 
certain  springiness,  should  be  of  a  substantial  char- 
acter and  designed  to  firmly  uphold  the  bones  and 
remove  the  strain  and  tension  on  the  ligaments  and 
muscles. 


No.  25.     Showing  Tru-Span  arch  support  with  reinforcement  for  severe  cases. 


Dr.  Scholl's  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  is  best  indi- 
cated in  these  cases.  The  Tru-Span  style  affords 
slightly  additional  amount  of  corrective  pressure  in 
that  the  plate  is  a  trifle  wider  and  higher  at  the  inner 
border  of  the  flange. 

A  Foot-Eazer  of  course  may  be  used  where  the  case 
is  not  so  severe  and  the  person  not  so  heavy,  or  it  can 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

be  applied  as  a  preliminary  treatment,  and  later  on 
apply  Dr.  Scholl's  Tru-Span  Arch  Support. 

In  these  cases  the  pressure  should  not  be  too  severe, 
because  when  the  bones  are  pressed  down  and  forced 
out  of  their  normal  positions  they  must  again  be  lifted 
up  and  brought  back  without  causing  discomfort  to 
the  patient. 

In  this  stage,  muscular  action  is  greatly  interfered 
with  by  the  pressing  down  of  the  misplaced  bony 
framework.  The  arteries  and  nerves  are  not  protected 
and,  therefore,  have  abnormal  pressure  and  strain 
thrown  upon  them.    In  all  of  these  cases,  the  object 


WIDE  DURABLE 
SUPPORTING  PLATE 


•SQrLLKATHER  COVER 


BOTH   SPRINGS  LOOSE  HERE 
EASY  AND  SPRINGY  TO  WEAR 

No.  26.  Showing  Foot-Eazer  construction  with  a  free  sliding  contact  at  the 
forward  end.  This  feature  permits  adjustability  and  springiness 
to  the  foot. 


of  the  Practipedist  should  be  to  remove  the  cause 
and  bring  about  normal  functioning.  Muscles  can- 
not properly  perform  their  duty  if  there  is  a  strain 
and  pressure  brought  to  bear  on  them  and  the  nerves. 

Now,  by  fitting  one  of  the  appliances  as  designated 
above,  the  strain  is  taken  from  the  ligaments  and, 
the  bones  being  replaced  to  their  positions,  natural 
muscular  action  and  development  takes  place  as  soon 
as  the  obstructions  are  removed.  In  these  cases,  the 
home  treatment  should  always  be  recommended.  The 
tender  joints  or  calloused  spots  should  be  protected 

47 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

from  further  pressure  and  irritation  by  applying  the 
proper  size  Absorbo  Pads. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  where  correction 
is  provided  for  these  abnormal  conditions,  or  for  strain 
and  deformity,  that  the  appliances  may  cause  some 
slight  discomfort  or  annoyance  to  the  patient. 

After  you  have  carefully  observed  all  the  rules  for 
fitting  the  appliances,  and  after  having  placed  them 
in  the  shoe,  if  the  customer  complains  of  pressure  or 
pain  at  any  one  point,  the  appliances  should  be  again 
removed  and  a  further  slight  adjustment  made.  It 
is  well  to  send  the  customer  out  of  the  store  feeling 
perfectly  comfortable  and  contented  with  the  me- 


No.  27.     Showing  correct  length  of  Foot-Eazer  as  applied  to  the  bare  foot. 

chanical  help  that  you  have  provided.  This  may 
require  a  little  more  effort,  and  occasionally  a  slight 
lowering  or  raising  of  the  appliances  at  some  given 
point,  but  it  is  well  worth  the  effort.    Have  the  cus- 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

tomer  return  once  every  ten  days  to  two  weeks  to 
make  further  adjustment  if  it  is  needed. 

However,  there  are  cases  under  this  same  heading 
where  the  supports  can  be  fitted  too  low,  compelling 
the  high  point  of  the  foot  to  be  forced  down  to  come 
in  contact  with  the  resistance  or  elevation  of  the  high 
point  of  the  appliance.  In  that  case  it  is  necessary 
to  elevate  the  support  still  higher  to  meet  the  high 
point  of  the  arch. 


ADVANCED    FLAT-FOOT    WHERE   THE 
FOOT     HAS     LOST     ITS     NATURAL 
ARCHING  AND  ASSUMES  A  FLAT- 
TENED CONDITION 

This  condition  can  be  subdivided  into  the  rigid 
type  of  flat-foot  and  the  flexible  type  of  flat-foot.  In 
the  former,  the  tarsus  of  the  foot  is  practically  rigid. 
It  is  due  to  long  existence  of  the  condition  so  that 


No.  28.    Advanced  case  of  flat-foot. 

false  adhesions  have  been  made  and  Nature  in  her 
attempt  to  provide  use  of  the  deformed  condition  has 
filled  in  the  spaces  between  the  joints  so  that  there 
is  little  or  no  motion  present. 

In  the  latter,  the  foot  may  assume  an  entirely  flat- 
tened position,  but  there  is  motion  and  slight  move- 
ment at  the  various  articulations.    In  these  cases  the 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

ligaments  supporting  the  longitudinal  arches  have 
become  so  stretched  that  they  are  unable  to  hold 
together  or  hold  the  bones  in  their  natural  arched 
positions  and  the  weight  of  the  body  then  crushes 


No.  29.  Top— showing  the  bones  of  a  perfectly  formed  arch  and  the  relative 
position  of  the  bones  in  a  severe  case  of  fiat-foot.  Bottom — show- 
ing a  weakened  arch  with  weight  upon  it  and  position  it  assumes 
when  the  person  stands. 

down  interfering  with  muscular  action  and  gradually 
the  arch,  instead  of  being  arched,  is  entirely  flattened. 
This  is  what  is  rightly  termed  flat-foot  or  broken 
down  arch. 

SYMPTOMS 

Rheumatic-like  pains  all  through  the  feet  and  an- 
kles. A  shuffling,  dragging  gait.  The  patient  usually 
drags  the  feet  more  or  less,  the  toes  being  turned 
slightly  outward.  Pains  radiate  through  the  ankles, 
heels  and  into  the  limbs  and  knees.    There  are  often 

50 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

corns  and  many  callous  spots  present  and  if  the  foot 
is  manipulated  by  grasping  the  heel  with  one  hand 
and  the  forepart  of  the  foot  with  the  other  the  pains 
will  be  noticed.  By  giving  slight  twisting  great  pain 
is  noticed.  The  elasticity  and  springiness  of  the  step 
is  lost,  the  equilibrium  and  balance  of  the  body 
through  the  flattening  of  the  arch  is  impaired.    Nerv- 


No.  30.     Top.      Showing   normal    shaped    arch.      Bottom.      Showing  flat   foot 
condition. 


ousness  and  droop  shoulder  often  result  and  the  cir- 
culation is  greatly  impaired  so  that  the  feet  are  cold, 
numb  and  congested,  while  in  other  cases  they  per- 
spire excessively. 

There  are  soft  corns,  enlarged  joints  at  the  big  and 
little  toe.  The  shanks  of  the  shoes  are  broken  down, 
throwing  wrinkles  around  the  top,  the  soles  are  worn 
off  at  the  inner  border.  This  condition  is  found  among 
men,  women  and  children  in  all  walks  of  life,  but 
more  frequently  among  those  who  remain  long  hours 

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American   School   of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

on  their  feet  and  also  among  the  poor  and  laboring 
classes,  as  it  is  the  natural  outcome  of  neglected  weak 
foot. 

CAUSES 

Same  as  already  explained  in  weak  foot,  except 
that  it  is  the  result  of  neglect,  sometimes  in  early 


No.  31.     Flat-foot  with  Metatarsalgia.     Note  how  the  toes  are  drawn  back 
and  corns  are  forming  on  the  top  of  the  joints. 


childhood  and  other  times  at  adolescence.  It  is  well 
for  the  student  to  recognize  in  his  own  mind  the  im- 
portance of  this  statement,  and  he  should  exert  him- 
self in  recognizing  the  condition  before  it  develops 
to  such  a  severe  stage. 

It  has  been  stated  by  many  with  acquired  flat-foot 
in  the  last  stages  that  it  was  hereditary.  This  is 
hardly  possible  but  is  more  apt  to  be  the  result  of 
acquired  flat-foot  development  during  childhood,  so 
that  in  later  years  the  sufferer  would  naturally  be 
of  the  opinion  that  it  was  of  hereditary  origin. 

It  is  therefore  well  for  the  student  again  to  remem- 
ber that  flat-foot  can  be  prevented  by  caring  for  the 
feet  of  growing  children  from  the  time  they  begin 
to  walk  until  they  are  fully  developed.  So  called 
weak  ankles,  pigeon  toe,  toeing  out,  knock  knees  are 
most  always  the  result  of  weakened  foot  structures, 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

and  the  child  should  be  fitted  with  Dr.  SchoH's  Re- 
form or  Uplift  arch  supports  or  the  Foot-Eazer. 

DIAGNOSIS 

It  is  not  difficult  to  diagnose  this  condition  because 
of  the  marked  outward  appearance.  In  fact,  Fiat- 
Foot  can  be  recognized  on  the  street  by  the  shuffling 
gait,  by  the  way  the  shanks  of  the  shoe  are  broken 
out  and  by  the  clumsy  carriage  of  the  sufferer. 


No.  32.     Showing  how  the   bones  of   the   arch   are  forced   down  and  out  of 
alignment. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

These  cases  require  careful  adjustment  and  fitting 
of  Dr.  Schoirs  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  or  Tru-Span 
Arch  Support.    They  should  be  lowered  so  as  to  exert 


No.  33.     Showing  sectional  view  of  foot  and  how  bones  of  arch  are  correctly 
supported  with   Dr.    Scholl's   Tri-Spring  Arch   Support. 

only  slight  pressure.  In  fact,  they  should  not  be 
higher  than  the  present  arching  of  the  foot  and  by 
beginning  at  that  low  point  can  be  gradually  raised 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

so  that  slight  pressure  is  exerted  which  will  have  a 
tendency  to  break  up  the  adhesions. 

On  this  point  it  is  well  to  know  that  frequently  you 
come  in  contact  with  cases  where  the  customer  states 
that  his  feet  cause  him  no  pain,  even  though  admitting 
that  he  or  she  is  flat-footed.  In  these  cases,  point  out 
that  it  is  the  weak  point  of  his  anatomy  and  in  cases 
of  illness  or  infection  or  any  physical  disturbance  the 
weak  part  is  the  first  involved.    Furthermore,  as  the 


OVAL  RIVET  HOLTTO 
ADMIT  ADJUSTMEMT 


TRIPLE  SPRING 

No.  33A.     Showing   Tri-Spring   Arch    Support   with   triple    spring    reinforce- 
ment. 

person  advances  in  age  the  tissues  are  not  as  strong 
and  the  resistance  is  lessened,  and  you  will  be  enabled 
to  give  permanent  comfort  and  relief  by  taking  the 
precaution  of  being  fitted  to  arch  supports,  as  desig- 
nated above,  even  though  you  may  not  possibly  be 
able  to  cure  the  deformity.  Furthermore,  these  ap- 
pliances, fitted  to  this  severe  rotated  type  condition, 
will  hold  the  foot  up  and  prevent  it  from  sliding  for- 
ward into  the  toe  of  the  shoe,  also  preventing  break- 
ing down  of  the  shank  of  the  shoe. 

In  the  flexible  state,  or  where  there  is  some  motion 
upon  manipulation,  more  elevation  and  support  can 
be  given,  commencing  with  a  low  elevation  and  grad- 
ually increasing  the  elevation.     It  is  very  important 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

to  recommend  the  use  of  Dr.  ScholFs  "3"  Necessities 
Home  Treatment  and  to  wear  shoes  and  hosiery  that 
will  not  in  any  possible  way  restrict  the  full  use  of 
the  foot. 


No.  34.  Tru-Span  Arch  Support  fitted  to  the  foot.  This  support  is  intended 
for  severe  cases,  and  where  a  very  substantial  and  durable  support 
is  required. 


55 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


TO  THE  STUDENT: 

This  is  a  very  important  part  of  the  course.  It  is 
well  to  review  carefully  so  that  the  principal  points 
will  become  thoroughly  clear  and  fixed  in  your  mem- 
ory. The  work  of  relieving  conditions  covered  in  these 
lessons  gives  you  wonderful  opportunity  as  a  very 
large  percentage  of  men,  women  and  children  are 
sufferers.  Decide  to  be  on  the  alert  and  to  carefully 
examine  every  foot.  Look  at  the  shoe  ask  the  customer 
questions.  You  at  once  create  an  impression  that  you 
are  interested  in  giving  your  customers  foot  comfort 
and  that  you  possess  more  than  ordinary  knowledge 
on  the  subject  of  the  foot. 

The  proper  way  of  fitting  these  appliances  will  be 
fully  described  in  another  lesson. 


56 


American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

Answer  the  following  review  questions  before  pro- 
ceeding with  Lesson  No.  4.  The  instructor  suggests 
that  you  write  the  answers  and  then  refer  back  to  text 
to  prove  they  are  correct. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  FOR  LESSON  No.  3 


(1. 

(2. 

(3. 

(4- 
(5. 

(6. 

(7- 

(8. 

(9. 

(10. 

(11. 


What  is  weak  foot  condition? 


How  many  conditions  of  weak  or  flat  foot  are 
there? 


Describe  each  condition. 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  weak  foot? 

How  would  you  diagnose  a  case  of  weak  foot? 

What  would  be  a  practipedic  treatment? 

In  addition  to  mechanical  appliance,  what 
other  treatment  would  you  recommend  to 
your  customer,  and  why? 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  severe  flat  foot? 

What  is  the  method  of  correction? 

In  what  way  does  a  severe  case  of  flat  foot 
differ  from  an  early  case  of  weak  foot? 

Why  would  you  look  to  the  matter  of  hosiery 
and  shoes  in  treating  flat  foot? 

57 


LESSON  No.  4 


American   School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


TO  THE  STUDENT: 

Try  to  make  use  of  the  knowledge  you  gain  from 
the  Course  in  your  daily  work.  This  is  not  difficult 
and  you  will  not  only  be  greatly  surprised  but  very 
pleased  to  find  how  easy  it  is  to  relieve  foot  troubles 
and  give  your  customers  confidence  and  complete  sat' 
isf action  by  following  the  teachings  in  this  lesson. 

We  also  suggest  that  in  explaining  the  foot  troubles 
and  the  method  of  giving  relief  through  properly 
fitted  appliances  and  shoes  that  you  use  some  of  the 
technical  terms  that  you  have  gained  in  lessons  Nos.  1 
and  2.  By  learning  these  terms  you  will  find  in  many 
instances  you  will  gain  prestige  and  leave  a  very  good 
impression  by  doing  so. 

American  School  of  Practipedics 

Chicago 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


LESSON  No.  4 


METATARSALGIA,  MORTON'S  TOE  AND 

BREAKING  DOWN  OF  THE  ANTERIOR 

METATARSAL  ARCH 

As  explained  to  you  in  Lesson  No.  2,  describing 
the  arches  of  the  foot,  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch 
extends  between  the  first  and  fifth  metatarsal  bones, 
at  the  ball  of  the  foot.    Now,  when  the  ligaments  and 


No.  36.  Dotted  line  represents  the  transverse  section  showing  the  Anterior 
Metatarsal  Arch  of  the  foot.  In  the  normal  foot  there  is  an  eleva- 
tion following  the  dotted  lines  looking  at  the  foot  from  the  plantar 
surface. 


muscles  supporting  this  dome-like  shape  at  the  heads 
of  the  metatarsal  bones  become  strained  or  weakened, 
they  are  unable  to  furnish  the  necessary  strength  and 
support  and  a  condition  occurs,  in  this  part  of  the  foot, 
almost  identical  with  that  of  the  longitudinal  arch. 

Sometimes  only  one  or  more  of  the  bones  become 
depressed  and  again  the  entire  arch  is  obliterated. 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

Now,  this  condition  is  termed  Metatarsalgia  or  Mor- 
ton's Toe  and  is  where  the  arch  is  destroyed  so  that 
the  foot  widens  between  the  two  points.  This  con- 
dition is  also  known  as  splay  foot  or  broad  foot. 

Metatarsalgia,  however,  is  the  proper  term  for  the 
pain  resulting  from  the  depressed  arch  and  nerve 
impingement. 


No.  37.     Finger  pointing  to  location  of  depressed  Anterior   Metatarsal  Arch. 


SYMPTOMS 

The  first  symptom  is  tenderness  and  redness  on  the 
ball  of  the  foot,  covering  the  area  of  one  or  more 
metatarsal  heads.  After  this  tenderness,  pain  occurs 
and  a  thickened  skin  or  callous  develops.  The  toes 
feel  cramped,  are  drawn  backward.  There  is  an  en- 
largement at  the  first  and  fifth  metatarsal  phalan- 
geal joint  with  severe  redness  and  pain  upon  pressure 
from  the  shoe.  Later  on,  thick  callouses  occur  on 
the  soles.  These  are  the  result  of  undue  pressure  on 
the  second,  third  or  fourth  metatarsal  heads.  Some- 
times pressure  is  thrown  on  three  of  the  metatarsals 
and,  instead  of  assuming  its  concave  shaping,  the 
arch  is  actually  convex,  and  instead  of  the  weight 
being  carried  at  the  tripod  points  as  mentioned  in 
Lesson  No.  2,  the  middle  metatarsal  bones  are  pushed 

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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

down  so  that  the  first  and  fifth  do  not  carry  any  of 
the  weight. 

Soft  corns  develop  between  the  toes.    This  is  caused 


No.  38.     (A) 


Showing   the   normal   arching   of   the    metatarsal   bones,    about 


one-half  inch  from  the  heads  of  the  metatarsals, 
(B)     Shows  position  of  these  bones  in  a  case  of   Metatarsalgia. 


by  a  slight  twisting  of  the  proximal  phalanges  and 
causes  rubbing  and  pressure  that  sets  up  an  irritation. 
Ninety-five  per  cent  of  the  soft  corns  between  the  toes 
can  be  traced  to  metatarsalgia.  In  other  cases,  there 
is  a  nerve  impingement,  causing  the  sufferer  to  im- 
mediately remove  the  shoe,  rub  and  compress  the  toes 
in  order  to  relieve  the  impingement.  The  fore  part 
of  the  foot  swells  and  it  takes  some  little  time  for  the 
pain  to  subside.  This  cramp-like  pain  which  is  most 
severe   and   excruciating   is   found   most   frequently 


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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

among  women  and  growing  girls.  It  is  sometimes  ac- 
companied with  flat-foot  or  weakened  longitudinal 
arch. 


No.  39. 


Showing  callous  spots  on  sole  caused  by  dropped  Metatarsals.  Cal- 
louses sometimes  form  on  the  small  areas  where  the  pressure  on 
the  metatarsal  heads  is  the  greatest  while  at  other  times  there  may 
be  one  large  callous  covering  the  entire  ball  of  the  foot. 


In  all  cases  of  weakness  in  the  Anterior  Metatarsal 
Arch,  the  foot  widens  at  the  ball  and  spreads  over  the 
sole  of  the  shoe,  throwing  it  out  of  shape. 

CAUSES 

Unnatural  distribution  of  the  body's  weight,  strain 
caused  by  short  and  pointed  toe  shoes,  high  heels, 
short  and  pointed  toe  stockings,  are  usual  causes. 
Tight  and  narrow  shoes  is  another  cause,  and  sprains, 
sudden  wrenching,  jumping  on  the  toes  (as  in  the  case 
of  athletes)  and  dancing  (where  the  weight  is  carried 
greatly  upon  the  ball  of  the  foot)  are  other  causes. 


DIAGNOSIS 

The  condition  is  first  recognized  by  the  toes  having 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

a  contracted,  drawn  back  appearance ;  second,  by  cal- 
louses on  the  soles,  by  an  enlarged  great  toe  joint  or 
little  toe  joint,  by  flattened  or  convexed  condition  of 
the  Anterior  Metatarsal  arch.  A  very  sure  way  is  to 
hold  the  top  of  the  foot  with  the  left  hand  and  with 


son  CORKS 


FIG.  B 

No.  40.  Showing  feet  with  metatarsal  weakness.  In  these  cases  the  longi- 
tudinal arch  must  be  given  support,  and  correction  as  well  as  the 
Anterior  Metatarsal  arch.  Students  will  please  notice  how  the  toes 
are  drawn  back  (Fig.  A),  causing  a  contraction  or  slight  hammer 
toe  condition.  In  nearly  all  cases  of  Metatarsalgia  there  is  a  tend- 
ency to  crowding  and  cramping  and  contraction  of  the  toes  with 
symptoms  shown  on  Fig.  B. 


the  right  hand  bring  pressure  on  the  heads  of  the 
different  metatarsals.  If  there  is  pain,  you  have  lo- 
cated the  seat  of  trouble.  Frequently,  the  patient 
will  jerk  the  foot  when  even  slight  pressure  is  pro- 
duced at  the  base  of  the  depressed  metatarsals,  and 
in  like  manner,  you  are  able  to  locate  the  seat  of  the 
nerve  impingement  which  causes  the  severe  and  con- 
stant cramp.  Again,  by  placing  pressure  at  the  ball, 
you  are  able  to  recognize  the  extending  of  the  toes. 
When  the  patient  stands,  the  foot  spreads,  making 
prominent  the  first  and  fifth  joint.     Care  should  be 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

taken  in  the  diagnosis,  however,  as  in  some  cases  cal- 
louses do  not  occur  and  the  enlargement  of  the  first 
and  fifth  metatarsal  joints  is  not  present,  or  pains  are 
of  a  spasmodic  nature.  A  patient  may  suffer  but  one 
attack  in  several  months,  while  another  attack  may 
occur  very  suddenly. 


No.  41.  A  manner  of  testing  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch.  By  bringing 
pressure  to  the  second,  third  and  fourth  metatarsal  heads  you  are 
able  to  see  if  there  are  any  displacements. 


PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

A  mechanical  appliance  is  the  only  form  of  treat- 
ment that  has  proven  successful.  Dr.  SchoH's  An- 
terior Metatarsal  Arch  Support  is  indicated  in  all 
cases.  The  Support  is  made  with  a  fan-like  broaden- 
ing at  the  forward  end  to  fit  the  heads  of  the  meta- 
tarsals with  a  dome-like  support,  arching  transversely 
so  that  elevation  can  be  given  just  where  it  is  required. 
The  object  is  to  change  the  position  of  pressure  by 
elevating  the  heads  of  the  depressed  metatarsals,  thus 
removing  the  strain  and  preventing  the  impingement 
of  the  branches  of  the  digital  nerves. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

This  support  is  made  in  a  variety  of  shapes,  so  as 
to  give  the  Practipedist  the  correct  appliances  for 


No.  42.  The  black  dots  show  the  location  of  the  metatarsal  phalangeal 
articulations.  In  fitting  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Supports  the 
leather  should  extend  evenly  to  the  metatarsal  joints  but  not  beyona. 

each  specific  condition.    Where  there  is  weakness  in 
the  longitudinal  arch  as  well  as  the  Anterior  Meta- 


No.  43.  Showing  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  applied  to  the  foot 
and  held  in  position,  and  sectional  view  of  the  bones,  showing  how 
far  forward  the  leather  of  the  arch  support  should  extend. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

tarsal  Arch,  Style  No.  1  should  be  used.  Where  only 
the  metatarsal  arch  is  weakened,  Style  No.  2  (with- 
out   flange)    should   be   used.      Where   the    sudden 


No.  44.  Showing  four  models  of  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support, 
which  have  been  proven  as  correct  for  Practipedic  work.  Each 
model  is  for  a  specific  purpose. 

No.  1.     Where  the  longitudinal  arch  is  weakened  as  well  as  the 
Anterior   Metatarsal   Arch. 

No.  2.     Where  there  is  little  or  no  weakness  longitudinally  but 
the  trouble  is  in  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch. 

No.  3.     Where  there  are  severe  cramp-like  pains  in  the  region  of 
the    3d,    4th    and    Sth    Metatarso-phalangeal    articulation. 
The  plate  extends  further  forward  under  the  3rd,  4th  and 
5th  toes. 

No.  5.     Same  as  No.  3  without  flange. 


cramp-like  pains  occur  in  the  region  of  the  third  and 
fourth  metatarsal  phalangeal  articulation,  Style  No.  3 
should  be  used.  This  has  a  flange  and  is  cut  away 
under  the  great  toe  joint  so  that  the  elevation  will 
extend  further  under  the  heads  of  the  metatarsals. 
The  No.  4  style  is  designed  for  those  cases  requiring 
support  only  at  the  metatarsal  heads  and  is  very  light 
and  easy  to  fit  in  all  women's  shoes.  The  No.  5  (which 
is  the  same  as  the  No.  3,  without  the  flange)  is  used 
where  the  forward  elevation  necessary  to  give  sup- 
port to  the  longitudinal  arch  is  not  needed. 

In  ordinary  cases  of  metatarsalgia,  the  elevation 


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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

may  be  gradual  between  the  first  and  fifth  toes.  In 
others,  the  elevation  should  come  directly  behind  the 
depressed  metatarsals. 

In  cases  of  severe  cramp-like  pains  the  elevation 
must  be  made  more  acute,  forming  an  oval  elevation 
about  the  size  of  a  hickory  nut.  Sometimes  it  is 
necessary  to  bring  this  adjustment  further  forward 
or  slightly  backward,  and  frequently  several  adjust- 
ments are  necessary  to  have  complete  and  permanent 
relief. 

To  fill  the  demand  made  necessary  by  wearing  cut- 
out pumps,  very  light  dress  shoes  and  extreme  styles, 
Dr.  Scholl's  Lastik  Metatarsal  pad  has  been  designed. 
This  consists  of  an  adjustable  pad  with  pocket  to  re- 
ceive felt  or  sponge  padding  and  held  in  position  on 
the  waist  of  the  foot  by  a  lastik  woven  band. 


No.  44A.     Dr.  ScholPs  Lastik  Metatarsal  pad,  as  it  is  applied  to  the  foot  and 
how  the  elevation  is  increased  with  adjustable  pad. 

The  style  is  highly  recommended  where  the  regular 
supports  can  not  be  worn  or  where  the  patient  wears 
the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Support  in  street  shoes  and 
requires  correction  with  light  dress  shoes. 

In  most  cases,  Dr.  ScholFs  Anterior  Metatarsal 
Arch  Support  will  give  immediate  relief,  preventing 
the  pains  not  possible  to  relieve  in  any  other  way. 
The  patient  should  be  fitted  to  shoes  sufficiently  long 
between  the  heel  and  the  ball,  so  as  to  give  a  firm  sup- 
port and  poise  to  the  foot.  Sufficient  toe  room  is  also 
very  important. 

Always  remove  the  cause  of  the  disturbance  and 
see  that  the  patient  wears  stockings  that  do  not  re- 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

strict  the  action  of  the  toes.  The  home  treatment, 
consisting  of  soap,  balm  and  powder,  should  always 
be  recommended  to  build  up  the  circulation  and  tone 
up  the  skin  tissues. 

PAINFUL  HEEL 

Pain  in  the  heel  is  usually  caused  by  a  strain  of 
the  plantar  ligaments  and  fascia  on  the  sole  of  the 


No.  45.  Showing  outer  covering  of  foot  dissected  away  so  you  may  see  the 
relationship  of  the  tissues  to  the  framework  and  the  attachment  of 
achilles  tendon  to  Os  Calsis  and  muscles  of  the  sole  attached  to 
heel.     Note  padding  of  tissue  around  heel. 


foot  where  it  is  connected  to  the  Os  Calsis.  It  is  not 
very  easily  recognized,  as  no  deformity  or  change  in 
outward  appearance  takes  place. 

SYMPTOMS 

There  is  tenderness  and  pain  in  the  bottom  of  the 
heel,  a  feeling  like  stone  bruise.  At  times,  the  heels 
become  so  sore  and  tender  that  the  patient  is  unable 
to  stand.  At  other  times,  the  painful  condition  oc- 
curs only  after  long  and  continuous  standing  or  walk- 
ing, and  is  felt  mostly  in  the  afternoons  or  toward 
evening.  In  other  cases,  it  may  be  continuous,  and 
there  is  an  odorous  perspiration  around  the  heel. 

CAUSES 
The  cause  is  usually  due  to  straining  and  stretch- 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


ing  of  the  plantar  fascia  where  it  is  attached  to  the 
Os  Calsis.  It  is  due  to  flat-foot  or  weakness  or  strain 
on  the  longitudinal  arch.  In  other  cases,  it  is  due  to 
a  spur  or  bony  growth  on  the  Os  Calsis. 

DIAGNOSIS 

By  pressing  the  thumb  or  finger  to  the  center  of 
the  heel,  severe  pain  is  at  once  felt.  The  customer 
will  complain  of  aches  or  pains  in  the  heel  or  per- 
haps tenderness. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 
The  pressure  from  the  heel  must  be  removed.    This 
is  accomplished  by  using  Dr.  Scholl's  Tri-Spring  or 
Tru-Span  Arch  Support  and  arching  it  quite  high 


No.  46.  Showing  the  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  fitted  to  the  foot  to  relieve 
the  pain  and  pressure  of  painful  heel.  When  the  arch  is  fitted  the 
metal  under  the  heel  should  extend  away  from  the  heel  of  the  foot. 

beneath  the  Astragalus  and  posterior  region,  the  ob- 
ject being  to  remove  the  pressure  from  the  painful 
area,  and  by  arching  up  quite  high  between  the  heel 
and  the  ball,  remove  the  tension  and  strain  on  the 
ligaments.  In  case  of  a  spur  or  bony  growth,  the 
arch  should  be  elevated  quite  high,  just  forward  of 
the  painful  area,  so  as  to  prevent  the  bony  formation 
from  pressing  into  the  deeper  tissues. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

HIGH  ARCH  OR  CONTRACTED  FOOT 

This  condition  is  known  as  hollow  or  contracted 
foot  or  Pes  Cavus  and  is  a  condition  where  the  longi- 
tudinal arches  are  contracted  and  extremely  high. 

SYMPTOMS 

There  is  a  prominence  over  the  instep  of  the  foot, 
especially  the  transverse  arch  is  buckled  upward  and 
one  or  more  of  the  bones  are  prominent  so  that  when 
the  shoe  is  being  fitted  the  lacings  or  buttons  cause 
pain  and  tenderness.  There  are  callouses  on  the  ball 
of  the  foot  and  the  toes  are  usually  contracted  in  a 
hammer  toe  condition,  with  corns  on  the  toes  and  the 
joints.  It  is  very  difficult  for  the  sufferer  to  obtain 
shoes  that  fit  well  over  the  instep. 


No.  47.     Showing  an  abnormal  high  arch  or  contracted  foot,  also  known  at 
Pes  Cavus. 


CAUSES 

Causes  may  be  due  to  paralysis  or  other  diseases 
that  cause  contraction  of  the  muscles,  while  other 
causes  are  short  shoes,  the  foot  being  forced  into  a 
shoe  too  short,  causing  a  breaking  up  of  the  arch,  a 
reverse  of  broken  down  arch. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

DIAGNOSIS 

It  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  a  case  of  hollow  or 
contracted  foot  as  the  high,  contracted  arch  is  always 
characteristic  of  this  condition.  Callouses  and  corns 
on  the  sole  and  contracted  toes,  with  prominent  bone 
projections  over  the  instep,  are  also  noticeable. 


No.  48.     Showing  Dr.  Scholl's  Zino-pads,  which  are  made  in  different  sizes, 
applied  to  the  foot  to  relieve  pressure  on  the  callouses  and  corns. 


PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

Dr.  Scholl's  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  should  be 
applied  and  arched  very  high,  so  as  to  meet  the  high 
part  of  the  arch  and,  in  that  way,  distribute  the  weight 
between  the  heel  and  the  ball.  This  will  remove  the 
pressure  on  the  callouses  across  the  ball  of  the  foot 
and  overcome  the  contraction  of  the  toes.  Where  the 
callouses  are  very  prominent,  Zino-pads  should  be 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

applied,  and  the  same  treatment  of  Zino-pads  should 
be  used  for  the  corns  on  the  toes. 


No.  49.  Manner  in  which  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  is  fitted,  to  relieve  and 
correct  high  arch  or  contracted  foot  and  Pes  Cavus.  The  idea  is  to 
remove  the  pressure  from  the  heel  and  ball  and  distribute  the  weight 
evenly  by  fitting  up  into  the  arch. 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 
REVIEW  QUESTIONS  FOR  LESSON  No.  4 


(1.)     Where  is  the  anterior  metatarsal  arch  located? 

(2.)     What  is  the  condition  of  the  metatarsal  heads 
in  a  case  of  Metatarsalgia? 

(3.)     What  is  Morton's  Toe  or  Metatarsalgia? 

(4.)     What  is  one  of  the  principal  symptoms  of 
Metatarsalgia? 

(5.)     How  would  you  recognize  a  case  of  Metatar- 
salgia? 

(6.)  What  is  the  treatment? 

(7.)  How  is  it  applied? 

(8.)  What  is  painful  heel  ? 

(9.)  What  is  the  treatment? 

(10.)     What  are  you  apt  to  find  in  a  case  of  abnormal 
high  arch  or  contracted  foot? 

(11.)     How  would  you  give  relief? 


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LESSON  No.  5 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


TO  THE  STUDENT: 

In  this  lesson  you  are  shown  the  important  work 
of  correct  fitting.  It  is  very  important  that  the  right 
size  be  selected  and  that  the  correct  elevation  be  given 
to  the  appliance  in  each  instance. 

Appliances  to  give  comfort,  to  give  relief  and  cor- 
rect  the  cause  of  the  foot  trouble  must  be  scientifically 
constructed  and  designed  to  do  a  specific  thing.  The 
appliance  must  work  independently  of  the  shoe  but 
in  connection  with  the  shoe,  so  that  consideration 
must  be  given  to  the  different  types  of  shoes.  By  re- 
ferring back  to  your  Anatomy  in  the  previous  lessons 
you  will  find  that  the  arches  give  support  to  the  entire 
body's  weight,  therefore  in  selecting  appliances  it  is 
necessary  to  use  substantial,  well  designed  appliances 
which  do  not  depend  upon  the  strength  of  the  shoe 
shank  for  its  basis  of  a  foundation;  also,  so  that  when 
you  have  fitted  the  appliance,  it  will  remain  in  the 
shape  you  have  adjusted  it  to. 

American  School  of  Practipedics 
Chicago 


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American   School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


LESSON  No.  5 


FITTING  PRACTIPEDIC  APPLIANCES 

The  student,  by  this  time,  realizes  the  folly  of  at- 
tempting to  relieve  abnormal  conditions  of  the  feet 


No.   SO.     Showing  how  arch  support  Is  fitted  to  the  patient. 


without  individually  fitting  the  corrective  appliances 
to  each  and  every  case.    The  very  thought  of  selling 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

appliances  for  correction  of  foot  disorders  without 
fitting  them  individually  is  against  all  principles  and 
contrary  to  the  ethics  of  Practipedics. 

By  personally  fitting  the  appliances  to  the  indi- 
vidual foot,  you  obtain  the  full  confidence  of  the  pa- 
tient. Second,  you  can  immediately  relieve,  and  third, 
you  provide  comfort  and  are  able  to  permanently  cor- 
rect the  cause. 

To  accomplish  this  Dr.  ScholFs  Arch  Fitter  and 
raw  hide  hammer  must  be  used.  With  this  apparatus 
the  Practipedist  is  enabled  to  adjust  the  supports  or 
appliances  to  meet  every  requirement,  and  it  can  be 
easily  used  without  inconvenience  or  loss  of  time. 
First  sell  the  right  size  or  length  of  appliances.  This 
should  be  done  according  to  the  size  of  shoe  worn,  but 
always  fitted  to  the  foot. 

HOW  SIZED 

All  of  Dr.  SchoH's  appliances  are  accurately  sized 
so  that  you  may  use  the  leather  covering  piece  as  your 
basis,  having  the  heel  part  flush  with  the  heel  and 
having  the  forward  skived  part  reach  up  to  the  first 
metatarso-phalangeal  joint.  They  should  not  extend 
over  or  under  to  any  extent. 


No.  51.  This  shows  a  usual  case  of  flat-foot  with  Hallux  Valgus.  This  is 
distinguished  by  the  elongated  heel  and  in  such  cases  the  heel  seat 
of  the  appliance  should  be  elongated  to  extend  flush  with  the  heel 
and  arched  further  forward  to  reach  the  high  point  of  the  arch. 

If  you  are  adjusting  for  weak  flexible  foot  with  a 
very  high  arch  it  is  necessary  to  select  a  trifle  longer 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


PART  OF  ANVIL  FOR  __ 

MAKING  ADJUSTMENT  WOODEN  PRESSURE  BLOCK 

ON   ANTERIOR  META-  COVERED  WITH    LEATHER 

TARSAL  ARCH  CONFORMINO       THAT     IS     PRESSED     INTO 

SUPPORTS  ANVIL                    HIGH  PART  OF  ARCH 


ADJUSTMENT  SCREW  FOR 
LARGER  OR  SMALLER 
SIZES  TO  ADJUST  PRES- 
SURE OF  THE  BLOCK 
AGAINST  ARCH  SUPPORT 


No.  1. — This  is  the  apparatus  essential  in  fitting  appli- 
ances. Student  will  please  observe  the  different  parts  so  as 
to  be  familiar  with  same. 


,4..  Lever 


B.  Opening  for 

Metatarsal  Adjustments 


C.  Approximate  line 
to  follow  in 


E.  Adjustment 
scretv  to 
give  more 
pressure  to 
small  size 
Appliances 


No.  2  (See  description  on  other  side.) 

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American   School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 
HOW  TO  USE  THE  ARCH  FITTER 

No.  2. — First  place  the  support  in  position  between  the 
steel  anvil  or  conformer  and  the  leather  covered,  wooden 
pressure  block.  If  it  is  a  large  size  the  adjusting  thumb  screw 
"E"  can  be  turned  out  so  as  to  leave  ample  space  between  the 
conforming  anvil  and  the  wooden  pressure  block.  Then  raise 
the  lever  "A"  until  it  automatically  locks,  which  will  then  hold 
the  support  securely  in  position  with  a  visedike  hold.  If  it 
does  not  hold  the  support  firmly  then  release  lever  and  make 
a  few  more  turns  to  the  right  of  the  adjustment  screw,  which 
will  force  the  pressure  block  in,  giving  more  pressure  against 
the  support. 

When  a  general  increased  elevation  is  desired  for  the  arch 
of  the  foot,  then  with  a  raw  hide  faced  hammer  tap  the  metal 
of  the  support  along  the  dotted  line  "C." 


No.  3. — Placing  Foot-Eazer  in  position  so  that  pressure 
can  be  brought  at  the  highest  point  where  it  is  needed. 


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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


Jfet-*'~ 


No.  4.  —  The  support 
can  be  rigidly  held  in 
position  by  the  pressure 
you  exert  on  the  lever. 
This  can  be  done  with- 
out the  locking  of  the 
pressure  block  and  con- 
former  which  is  auto- 
matically done  when  the 
lever  is  brought  to  a 
perpendicular  position. 


No.  5. — Showing  meth- 
od of  elongating  heel 
seat  of  the  support  for  a 
long  heel  or  where  the 
posterior  arch  is  down. 
This  operation  shortens 
the  elevation  of  the  arch 
and  elongates  the  distance 
from  the  end  of  the 
leather  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  arch  elevation. 


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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


No.  6.  — After 
support  has  been  ap- 
plied to  the  foot  and 
the  correct  adjust- 
ment ascertained,  this 
operation    shows    how 

any  rough  edges  can  be  nicely  smoothed  out.  This  operation 
is  also  necessary  where  the  support  has  been  lowered  and  which 
may  leave  a  slight  kink  or  depression  in  the  flange  of  the  sup- 
port. Student  will  please  note  that  the  edges  of  the  flange 
which  lay  against  the  foot  and  the  lining  of  the  shoe  should  be 
smooth  to  give  it  a  workmanship  like  finish. 


No.  7 — To  lower  the  Foot-Eazer  or  support  place  it  metal 
side  down  on  the  top  of  the  anvil  and  gently  tap  it  on  the  leather 
surface  with  the  raw  hide  faced  hammer.  To  avoid  marring  the 
leather,  hard  blows  should  not  be  struck. 


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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


No.  8. — The  support  when  fitted  should  fit  all  points  of 
the  arch  flush  from  the  heel  to  the  metatar so- phalangeal  articu- 
lation of  the  great  toe  joint.  All  of  Dr.  ScholVs  appliances 
are  based  on  this  fitting. 


No.  9. — Showing  Dr.  ScholUs  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch 
Support  and  the  area  where  elevation  should  be  made  to  sup- 
port the  depressed  metatarsal  head  or  heads.  Please  see  Page  3, 
Lesson  No.  4. 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


No.  10. — Finger  pointing  to  the  opening  in  the  anvil  which 
is  especially  constructed  so  that  the  forward  section  of  the 
Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  can  be  elevated. 

No.  1 1 . — Showing 
the  Anterior  Metatar- 
sal Arch  Support 
placed  over  the  oval 
opening  in  the  anvil, 
using  the  raw  hide 
faced  hammer  in 
making  the  elevation.  In  or- 
dinary cases  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  roll  the  leather.  The 
elevation  in  the  metal  may 
be  made  by  simply  placing 
the  support  over  the  oval 
opening. 

The  Practipedist  should 
always  use  a  raw  hide  faced  mallet  or  hammer.  Steel  hammers 
will  mar  the  Silveroid  and  will  also  leave  sharp  edges  and  dents 
which  will  induce  breakage.  The  tapping  should  be  done  gently. 
Heavy  pounding  is  not  necessary. 

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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


No.  12. — Dr.  ScholVs  Arch  Fitter  attached  to  stand  so 
that  it  may  be  moved  from  place  to  place.  In  every  event, 
the  Arch  Fitter  must  be  securely  attached,  either  to  a  table, 
ledge,  etc. 

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American    School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

In  making  adjustments  a  student  should  remember  that  it  is 
unnecessary  to  vitally  change  the  general  shape  and  contour  of 
the  support  except  in  extreme  measures.  The  anatomical  curves 
along  the  outer  edge,  when  fitted,  should  remain  unbroken  and 
without  any  dents  or  sharp  bends.    See  illustrations. 


No.  13.  This  illustration  shows  a  Foot-Eazer  fitted  to  a  foot, 
sho-wing  the  even  lines  and  perfect  fitting  along  the  inner  side 
of  the  arch.  Shows  the  extension  of  leather  under  the  rounded 
part  of  the  heel  so  it  will  set  well  back  into  the  shoe.  Shows  the 
forward  end  which  extends  to  the  great  toe  joint. 


J^ 


No.  14.  This  illustration  is  a  shadowgraph  of  a  foot,  show- 
ing how  the  plate  extends  under  and  toward  the  outer  arch  and 
how  the  inside  elevation  should  always  be  higher  than  the 
outside. 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


appliance  in  order  to  give  the  desired  length  after 
the  appliance  has  been  shortened  by  elevating  it. 

Now  that  you  have  the  length  and  have  decided 
upon  the  style  of  appliance  needed  in  the  particular 
case,  make  the  adjustment,  either  higher  or  lower, 


No.  52.  The  dotted  line  shows  the  proper  way  of  determining  the  correct 
size  Foot-Eazer  or  arch  support  independent  of  shoe  size  and  the 
patient  should  be  fitted  between  these  two  points.  It  is  important 
to  always  have  the  leather  come  flush  with  the  heel  and  the  skived 
part  come  forward  to  the  bend  of  the  great  toe. 

on  the  arch  fitter,  to  meet  the  contour  of  the  relaxed 
foot.  This  can  be  elevated  by  placing  the  support  be- 
tween the  wooden  pressure  block  and  the  steel  con- 


No.  53.  After  tne  correct  length  is  obtained  and  when  the  fitting  is  completed 
it  should  fit  smoothly  and  evenly  at  all  points.  If  it  is  fitted  in  this 
manner  it  will  usually  feel  comfortable  to  the  patient. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


former  and  gently  tapping  it  with  the  raw  hide  faced 
hammer. 

If  the  heel  of  the  foot  is  somewhat  elongated,  then 
elongate  the  heel  part  of  the  appliance  so  that  when 
the  fitting  has  been  done  the  appliance  fits  smoothly 
and  perfectly  to  all  points  of  the  arch.  In  fitting  the 
Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch,  the  elevation  can  be  done 
on  the  anvil  of  the  conforming  block  by  placing  it 


No.  53A.     With  appliance  placed  in  shoe  and  testing  with  finger  and  thumb 
to  see  if  fitted  so  as  not  to  rock  or  shift. 

over  the  opening  and  gently  tapping  it  with  the  raw 
hide  faced  hammer. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  hit  hard  or  do  much  ham- 
mering on  these  appliances.  The  Dr.  Scholl  appli- 
ances are  all  carefully  constructed  and  formed  to  a 
semi-normal  height  and  shape  so  that  there  is  only 
slight  adjustment  needed  in  either  raising  or  lower- 


American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

ing,  and  it  is  best  to  make  these  adjustments  by  small 
degrees  so  as  not  to  destroy  the  original  lines  put  in 
the  appliances. 

After  the  appliance  is  fitted  to  the  foot,  place  it  in 
the  shoe  and  be  sure  that  you  have  the  right  width 
so  it  does  not  extend  out  and  be  noticeable  when 
the  shoe  is  on  the  foot.    Much  care  should  be  taken 


No.  54.       Showing  the  Foot-Eazer  applied  to  the  foot  that  is  too  long. 


to  see  that  the  front  part  of  the  support  sets  firmly 
into  the  ball  part  of  the  shoe  and  that  the  heel  part 
of  the  supporting  plate  sets  firmly  down  into  the  heel 
of  the  shoe.  Otherwise,  there  will  be  a  rocking  mo- 
tion or  sensation  that  the  heel  is  slipping  and  is  being 
forced  out  of  the  heel  of  the  shoe.    (See  Fig.  53A.) 

In  that  event,  remove  the  appliance  and  arch  the 
support  a  trifle  higher  under  the  heel.  Slightly  bend 
the  metal  downward,  away  from  the  leather  top 
piece,  and  then  place  back  into  the  shoe  and  test 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


with  the  thumb  on  the  heel  part  and  the  index  finger 
forward,  holding  the  shoe  with  the  left  hand  to  see 
if  it  sets  firmly  without  any  rocking  or  tilting. 

This  particularly  applies  to  the  fitting  of  Foot- 
Eazers  or  other  appliances  to  ladies'  high  heel  shoes 
and  in  pumps,  oxfords,  slippers,  etc. 

FITTING  THE  SHOE  AS  WELL  AS  THE 

FOOT 

The  student  must  thoroughly  understand  that  dif- 
ferent types  of  shoes  require  different  adjustments.. 


No.  55.     Showing  Korrecto  arch  support  placed  to  the  foot  that  is  too  short 

even  though  the  appliances  are  properly  fitted  to  the 
foot.  The  poise  of  the  foot  is  changed  in  a  high  heel 
shoe  and,  therefore,  that  must  be  taken  into  consid- 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


eration  so  that  the  foot  is  properly  supported  in  the 
position  it  will  assume  in  the  shoe.  This  requires  the 
Practipedist  to  fit  different  appliances  to  different 
types  of  shoes. 


No.  56.     Showing  Foot-Eazer  fitted  to  the  foot  with  pressure  on  it. 


No.  57.     Showing  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support  fitted  to  the  foot  of  correct  length 
and  aize. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

If  the  patient  wears  a  high  heel  shoe  for  street  and 
dress  wear,  the  support  should  be  fitted  for  that  par- 
ticular type  of  shoe.  Allowance,  of  course,  can  be 
made  for  a  slight  variation  of  one-sixteenth  to  one- 
fourth  inch  in  the  height  of  the  heel. 

If  the  patient,  however,  wears  low  heel  shoes,  such 
as  tennis  or  golf  shoes,  then  the  supports  should  be 
fitted  especially  to  that  type.    A  support  that  fits  the 


(A)     The  arch  has  been  lowered  to  give  but  very  light  pressure. 


(D)     High  arch. 


(E)     High  arch  and  elongated  heel  seat. 
Student  will  please  bear  in  mind  that  when  the  fitting  is  completed  the  arch 
support  should  be  free  from  all  kinks,  depression  or  rough  edges. 
No.  58.     Showing  different  adjustments  of  arch  supports. 


foot  properly  in  a  low  heel  shoe  will  not  give  satis- 
factory service  in  a  high  heel  shoe,  that  being  one  of 
the  principal  causes  of  slipping  at  the  heel. 

Do  your  fitting  neatly,  and  do  not  leave  mars  or 
depressions  in  the  metal,  but  always  smooth  out  all 
dents  before  sending  your  customer  away. 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


(A)     Showing  ladies'  wood  heel  pump.      In  fitting   for  this  shoe  great  care 

must  be  taken  so  that  the  heel  part  of  the  support  sets  firmly  into  the  heel 

seat  of  the  shoe. 


(B)     A  better  model  to  fit  arch  supports  to.     This  is  not  so  extremely  high 
and  is  much  easier  to  do  the  fitting  in. 


(C)     Showing  a  golf  or  tennis  shoe.     A  different  adjustment  must  be  made  to 
obtain  the  same  amount  of  correction  to  the  foot  when  a  person  wears  this 

style  of  shoe. 


(D)  Showing  ordinary  man's  shoe  which  is  very  convenient  for  fitting. 
Students  will  please  note  that  these  different  types  of  shoes  require  different 
adjustments   and   the  customer   should  be    so    informed   when   the   appliances 

are  fitted. 
No.  59.     Showing  the  different  styles  of  shoes.     Each  of  these  styles  requires 
a  different  adjustment  to  give  the  same  correction  to  the  foot. 
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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

Listen  to  what  the  customers  have  to  say,  and  get 
them  to  tell  you  if  the  support  feels  high  or  presses 
too  much  at  any  one  point;  and  then  make  adjust- 
ments accordingly.  Dr.  SchoH's  Appliances  can  be 
worn  in  any  shoe.  Being  neatly  and  scientifically  con- 
structed, so  that  they  can  be  worn  in  the  modern  style 
footwear,  has  greatly  increased  their  popularity.  It 
is  not  necessary  for  these  appliances  to  be  placed  in 
larger  shoes  or  broader  shapes  or  flat  heels  if  the 
rules  of  fitting  are  carefully  observed. 

BUNIONS  AND  HALLUX  VALGUS 

An  enlargement  of  the  joint  at  the  base  of  the  great 
toe  is  popularly  termed  a  bunion.  This,  however,  is 
not  correct,  as  this  enlargement  can  be  caused  by 
different  conditions.  A  bunion,  strictly  speaking,  is 
an  inflammation  of  the  bursa  at  the  great  toe  joint, 
causing  swelling,  redness  and  pain.     Hallux  Valgus 


No.  60.     Showing  case  of  Hallux  Valgus  with  weak  foot. 

is  a  condition  where  the  bones  of  the  great  toe  are 
forced  outward,  causing  a  slight  or  partial  distortion 
of  the  metatarso-phalangeal  joint.  This  condition  is 
often  associated  with  a  localized  inflammation. 

SYMPTOMS 

Bunions  and  Hallux  Valgus  are  formed  gradually, 
and,  therefore,  the  symptoms  of  the  early  stages  are 
burning,   tenderness   and  pain   on   pressure   at   the 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

great  toe  joint.     Later,  it  becomes  swollen,  red,  in- 
flamed and  extremely  sensitive  to  touch.    The  cus- 


No.  61.     Showing  X-ray  shadowgraph  of  position  of  bones  of  foot  in  case  of 
bunion  or  Hallux  Valgus. 

tomer  will  complain  of  pain  and  swelling  after  walk- 
ing, and  where  the  toe  is  bent  outward  there  is  a 
large,  prominent  joint  present.    The  great  toe  under- 


No.  62.     One  of  the  usual  effects  of  Bunion.     An  easy  way  of  recognizing  the 
abnormal  condition. 

laps  or  overlaps  the  other  toes,  causing  considerable 
pain. 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

Corns  and  callouses  sometimes  form,  which  cause 
additional  local  pain. 

CAUSES 

This  condition  is  caused  by  short  and  pointed  toe 
shoes  and  pointed  toe  stockings,  which  force  the 
bones  of  the  toes  into  an  abnormal  shape.  Other 
causes  are  foot  weakness,  either  in  the  longitudinal 
or  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch.  Where  the  longitudinal 
arch  is  weakened,  abnormal  weight  is  thrown  on  the 
great  toe  joint,  causing  undue  pressure  and  pain;  in 
longitudinal  weakness,  the  foot  is  elongated  and 
forced  down  into  the  toe  of  the  shoe,  making  the 
shoe  too  short. 

DIAGNOSIS 

Diagnosis  of  Bunions,  or  Hallux  Valgus,  and  en- 
larged toe  joints  is  very  simple,  owing  to  their  out- 
ward appearance.  The  enlarged  toe  joint  conditions 
are  very  numerous  and  are  usually  recognized  im- 


No.  63.     (A)     Showing  bunion  with  underlapping  great  toe. 

(B)     Showing  same  foot,  Toe  Flex  in  position  pushing  toe  over  to 
its  normal  position. 

mediately  by  the  sufferer.  Examination  should  be 
made  of  the  foot  to  see  if  the  joint  is  flexible  and  if 
the  inflammation  is  acute. 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

The  first  thing  to  do  is  to  remove  the  cause.  Pointed 
toe  stockings  should  be  replaced  with  Dr.  Scholl's 
Right  and  Left  Hose,  taking  away  at  once  the  tension 
on  the  great  toe.  Then,  be  particular  that  the  shoe 
is  of  sufficient  length  and  width.  If  the  toe  is  flexible 
Dr.  Scholl's  Toe  Flex  should  be  worn,  bringing  the 


\?$*Ou!s       bunion 

REDUCER: 


No.  64.     Showing  Bunion   Reducer,   a  rubber   shield  moulded  to   fit  over  the 
enlarged  great  toe  joint. 


FIG.  A 

No.  65.     Improved  Bunion  Spring  applied  to  the  foot.  FIG.  B 

(A)  Lateral  view. 

(B)  Bottom  view.     This  spring  acts  as  a  lever  in  drawing  the  great 


toe  to  its  normal  lines, 
or  for  night  wear. 


Should  be  worn  in  loose  fitting  shoe 


toe  to  a  straight  line.     When  there  is  swelling  and 
enlargement,  apply  Dr.  Scholl's  Bunion  Reducer,  a 


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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

rubber  moulded  shield  or  pad  that  fits  snugly  over  the 
joint  with  a  thickened  shoulder  back  of  the  bunion  to 
remove  shoe  pressure  and  irritation.  The  Bunion 
Reducer  has  a  counter  irritant  effect  so  that  the  su- 
perfluous tissue  cells  may  be  carried  away  in  the  cir- 
culation. The  Reducer  also  fills  out  the  hollow  places 
and  prevents  the  shoe  from  being  bulged  out  of  shape. 
Dr.  Scholl's  Bunion  Spring  is  to  be  applied  for 
night  wear.  This  acts  as  a  lever  in  bringing  the  great 
toe  joint  over  to  its  naturally  straight  line  and  should 
be  worn  every  night. 


No.  66.     Showing  arch  support  applied  to  foot  where  the  abnormal  pressure 
is  thrown  upon  the  great  toe  joint. 

When  there  is  a  tendency  to  weak  or  flat  foot,  Dr. 
SchoH's  Foot-Eazer  should  always  be  fitted.  This 
bridges  the  weight  from  the  heel  to  the  ball,  taking 
the  pressure  and  strain  from  the  enlarged  toe  joint. 

HAMMER-TOE 

Hammer-toe  consists  of  a  drawing  back  or  contrac- 
tion of  the  toe  at  the  medial  phalanx ;  it  rarely  affects 
the  great  toe,  but  is  more  frequently  found  on  the 
second,  third,  fourth  and  fifth  toes.  It  may  be  caused 
by  wearing  short  and  narrow  pointed  toe  shoes  or  a 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

contraction  due  to  breaking  down  of  the  anterior 
metatarsal  arch  of  the  foot. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 
It  is  necessary  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  condi- 
tion and  when  due  to  faulty  shoes,  correctly  fitted, 
broad  toe  shoes  should  be  fitted.  The  anterior  meta- 
tarsal arch  should  be  inspected  and  if  depressed,  Dr. 
Scholl's  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  No.  2  or 
No.  4,  or  Lastik  Metatarsal  Pad  should  be  applied. 
For  straightening  the  contracted  toe,  Dr.  Scholl's 
Hammer-Toe  Spring,  style  A  or  B,  can  be  applied. 


No.   66A.     Showing   Dr.    Scholl's   Hammer-Toe    Spring  applied    to   the   foot 

Cases  of  long  standing  should  be  referred  to  a 
surgeon  who  will  lengthen  the  contracted  tendon. 

PAINFUL  GREAT  TOE 

When  a  bunion  or  enlarged  joint  forms  at  the  little 
toe,  as  well  as  the  great  toe,  it  is  an  indication  of  weak- 
ened  Anterior   Metatarsal   Arch,   and    Dr.    Scholl's 


•*:«.;•■ 


*J?  TS:-.-  •  ■■■■:•■ 

j^f.vlin»-..tt.. 


No.  67.     Painful  great  toe.     This  is  sometimes  caused  by  exostosis,   bunion 
and  flat-foot 


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American   School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support,  Style  No.  1,  2  or  3, 
should  be  used  in  conjunction  with  the  toe  spreading 
devices.  Absorbo  Pads,  size  E  or  F,  should  be  applied 
over  the  little  toe  joint  to  relieve  the  pressure.  Dr. 
Scholl's  Foot-Eazer  fitted  to  the  arch  so  as  to  bridge 
the  weight  and  take  pressure  from  the  great  toe  will 
also  give  relief. 

WEAK  ANKLES 

Weak  ankles  are  an  indication  of  weak  arch  and 
should  be  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  a  weak  arch 
condition. 


No.  67A.     Dr.  Scholl's  Lastik  Anklet  applied  to  foot. 


The  weak  ankle  can  be  given  additional  support  by 
applying  Dr.  Scholl's  Lastik  Anklets.  They  are  made 
of  finely  woven  elastic  to  give  support  to  the  under 
arch  as  well  as  side  support  the  ankle.  They  are  also 
useful  in  sprains  or  varicose  veins. 


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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

HARD  CORNS 

Corns  are  layers  of  dead,  epithelial  tissue  caused  by 
injury  or  pressure.     Nature  piles  up  these  cells  to 


No.  68.     Showing  hard  corns  on  the  toes  and  little  toe  joint. 

protect  the  underlying  tissues  from  injury  until  the 
false  or  dead  tissue  becomes  thickened  into  a  conical 
mass,  pressing  down  into  the  cutaneous  nerve 
branches  and  causing  pain. 

They  are  very  painful  and  sometimes  become  high- 
ly inflamed  and  swollen. 

TREATMENT 
First  remove  the  cause.    If  the  shoe  is  too  narrow 
or  short,  fit  the  proper  size.     When  the  corns  are 
caused  by  the  foot  sliding  down  into  the  shoe,  apply 


No.  69.     Showing  how  Dr.  Scholl's  Zino  Pads  are  applied  to  the  toes. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Foot-Eazer  to  firmly  hold  the  foot  back 
into  the  heel  of  the  shoe.    This  removes  the  pressure 

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American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

on  the  corns.  To  give  relief  to  hard  corns,  apply  Dr. 
SchoH's  Zino  Pads.  These  are  made  in  sizes  to  fit  all 
conditions,  and  by  retaining  the  natural  warmth  and 
moisture  the  false  tissue  is  loosened  and  can  be  re- 
moved. 

For  medicinal  treatment  Dr.  Scholl's  Fixo  Corn 
Plaster  should  be  applied. 

Corns  should  not  be  cut  or  trimmed  except  by  an 
expert  chiropodist  where  all  aseptic  precautions  are 
carefully  observed. 

SOFT  CORNS 

These  are  caused  by  abnormal  pressure  and,  in  most 
instances,  are  found  where  there  is  a  weakened  con- 
dition in  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch.  The  bones 
rub  together  and  set  up  an  irritation  and  an  inflam- 
mation. 

Pointed  toe  shoes  and  stockings  are  other  causes. 


No.  69.     (A)     Showing  crowded  together  condition  of  the  toes  with  soft  corns 
between  the  second  and  third  toe. 
(B)     Showing  Toe  Right  placed  in  position  to  separate  the  toes. 

PRACTIPEDIC  TREATMENT 

First  remove  the  cause.  If  there  is  any  weakness 
in  the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch,  apply  Dr.  Scholl's 
Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support,  Nos.  1,  2  or  4, 


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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

properly  fitted  to  bring  correction  to  the  depressed 
metatarsal  heads. 

Soft  corns  are  very  irritating  and  become  extremely 
painful. 

The  feet  should  be  thoroughly  bathed  with  Dr. 
ScholTs  Foot  Soap,  rubbing  it  well  between  the  toes 
to  remove  any  dead  tissue.  Dr.  Scholl's  "2  Drop" 
can  then  be  applied  to  the  soft  corn  and  protected  with 
a  soft  corn  pad  made  by  cutting  a  Zino  corn  pad 
through  the  center  and  applying  one-half  on  the  in- 
side of  each  toe.  The  pad  can  be  cut  and  put  together, 
making  it  double  if  more  separation  is  required. 


No.  70.     (A)     Showing  how  Zino  Pad  (corn  size)   Is  cut  through  center  and 
applied  to  take  pressure  off  soft  corn  between  the  toes. 

CALLOUSES  ON  THE  SOLE 

Callouses  forming  on  the  different  parts  of  the 
foot  are  an  indication  of  an  underlying  cause.  Bone 
displacements,  such  as  the  depression  of  the  meta- 
tarsal heads,  are  other  causes. 

A  callous  is  the  result  of  Nature's  attempt  to  pro- 
tect the  underlying  tissues  from  injury,  and  when 
trimmed  off  or  cut  away  will  immediately  return,  as 
they  are  there  for  the  purpose  of  attempting  to  pro- 
tect the  thin  and  underlying  tissues  from  the  abnormal 
pressure  and  friction. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 


No.  71.     Callouses  on  sole  of  the  foot. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

The  hard  callous  is  quickly  and  painlessly  removed 
by  applying  Dr.  Scholl's  Callous  Salve,  and  placing 
over  it  Dr.  Scholl's  Zino  Pad  (Callous  size).  It  should 
be  renewed  each  day  for  three  (3)  consecutive  days, 
after  which  the  foot  is  placed  in  warm  water,  when 
callous  peels  off. 

Ascertain  the  cause  of  the  callouses  and  fit  the 
proper  corrective  appliances  to  relieve  the  condition. 
For  callouses  on  the  sole,  apply  Dr.  ScnoH's  Anterior 
Metatarsal  Arch  Support,  correct  style  number,  and 
adjust  to  remove  the  pressure.  For  callouses  on  the 
heel,  apply  Dr.  Scholl's  Zino-pad  and  Callous  Salve. 
For  callouses  on  the  great  toe,  apply  Dr.  Scholl's 
Zino-pad  or  Bunion  Reducer  and  fit  Dr.  ScnoH's  Foot- 
Eazer  to  prevent  further  pressure. 

CHILBLAINS 
Chilblains  are  due  to  having  exposed  the  feet  to 
extreme  cold  and  then  suddenly  bringing  them  in 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

contact  with  heat.  Chilblains  also  follow  frost  bite. 
It  is  recognized  by  a  sensation  of  itching  and  burn- 
ing, and  then  followed  by  a  continuous  aching.  The 
parts  appear  red  and  swollen  and  usually  occur  after 
each  exposure  to  cold. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

Apply  Dr.  ScholTs  Chilblain  Lotion.  This  relieves 
the  itching  and  burning.  The  parts  should  be  thor- 
oughly massaged  with  Dr.  ScnoH's  Foot  Balm  so  as 
to  improve  the  circulation  in  the  feet.  Roomy  shoes 
should  be  worn,  uppers  of  soft  leather  so  as  to  not 
irritate  the  inflamed  area.  Soft  cotton  stockings 
should  be  worn  in  preference  to  silk. 

EXCESSIVE  PERSPIRATION 

When  the  foot  throws  off  a  bad  odor,  it  is  due  to 
the  secretions  in  the  pores  of  the  skin.  This  causes 
an  unhealthy  state  and  inactivity  of  the  skin  glands. 

It  may  not  be  due  to  uncleanliness,  but  may  be 
brought  about  by  such  abnormal  conditions  as  foot 
strain,  by  improper  footwear  and  hosiery.  Occasion- 
ally it  is  due  to  systemic  origin. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

First  make  examination  to  ascertain  if  there  is  any 
foot  weakness  or  arch  trouble.  If  so,  fit  with  Dr. 
ScholFs  Foot-Eazer  or  other  appliance  that  is  in- 
dicated. Next,  recommend  the  general  home  treat- 
ment— Dr.  ScholFs  Pedico  Foot  Soap,  Balm  and 
Powder.  Immerse  the  feet  in  warm  water  for  ten  to 
fifteen  minutes.  Then  apply  a  generous  quantity  of 
the  Pedico  Foot  Soap  and  massage  thoroughly  for 
ten  to  fifteen  minutes.  Then  carefully  rinse  off  with 
a  cooler  water,  dry  thoroughly  and  then  massage 
with  the  Foot  Balm.  Always  keep  the  feet  dusted 
with  antiseptic  powder.  Shake  the  powder  into  the 
shoes  and  stockings.  The  stockings  should  be 
changed  daily.     It  is  advisable  to  change  the  shoes 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

and  wear  them  alternately,  using  shoe  trees  to  keep 
them  in  shape. 

BROMIDROSIS 
Bromidrosis  is  an  abnormal  condition  of  the  skin 
and  affects  the  feet  and  other  parts  of  the  body.  It 
is  usually  accompanied  by  an  excessive  amount  of 
perspiration  and  oftentimes  blanches  the  skin,  espe- 
cially the  soles  of  the  feet,  around  the  heels  and  be- 
tween the  toes.  In  this  condition  the  pores  of  the 
skin  are  in  an  unhealthy  state,  allowing  the  exudate 
to  decompose  with  a  resulting  strong  odor.  In  some 
cases  there  is  a  scanty  amount  of  perspiration  but  in 
either  case  it  calls  for  the  application  of  a  strong  de- 
odorizer and  additional  treatment  that  will  destroy 
the  bacteria  producing  this  strong  odor. 


No.  71A.     How  Bromidrosis  powder  is  sprinkled  over  the  foot  and  toes. 

Dr.  Schoirs  Bromidrosis  Powder  should  be  recom- 
mended in  every  case  for  the  correction  of  any  Bro- 
midrosis condition.  The  feet  should  be  carefully 
bathed  and  dried  and  the  powder  well  shaken  over  the 
feet,  between  the  toes  and  over  the  soles.  This  treat- 
ment should  be  repeated  morning  and  night.  It  is 
also  advisable  to  shake  a  small  quantity  of  the  powder 
into  the  foot  bath.  Many  complaints  against  the  wear- 
ing quality  of  shoes  and  hosiery  might  be  prevented  if 
sufferers  use  this  treatment. 

INGROWING  AND  ABNORMAL  TOE 

NAILS 
Ingrowing  Toe  Nails  consist  of  a  section  of  the 
nail  becoming  inverted  into  the  soft  tissue  of  the  nail 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

groove.    This  sets  up  an  irritation  and  inflammation 
and  finally  a  pus  or  ulcerous  formation.    It  is  caused 


No.  72.     A  bad  case  of  ingrowing  nail. 


by  short  shoes,  by  injudicious  trimming  of  the  nails, 
by  pointed  toe  stockings  and  by  infection. 

PRACTIPEDIC  CORRECTION 

First  remove  the  cause.  If  the  shoes  are  too  short 
and  the  stockings  are  pointed  and  cause  pressure  on 
the  toe,  correct  this.  Then,  thoroughly  cleanse  with 
Pedico  Soap  and  hot  water  all  parts  of  the  feet.  Dry 
the  parts  with  fresh  absorbent  cotton. 

CROOKED  OR  RUN-DOWN  HEELS 

Many  cases  of  crooked  or  run-down  heels  can  be 
traced  to  weakness  of  the  arch  or  ankle  articulation, 
and  in  these  cases  an  arch  support  should  be  fitted. 
There  are,  however,  many  instances  where  the  person 
may  habitually  walk  heavy  at  the  outer  edge  of  the 
heel,  which  can  be  quickly  corrected  by  a  wedge-shape 
pad  or  cushion  placed  inside  of  the  shoe.  Dr.  Scholl's 
Walk-Strate  Heel  Pads  will  overcome  the  trouble 
and  give  complete  relief  to  this  very  disagreeable 
condition. 


No.  73.     Showing   crooked   or  run-over  heels  and   condition   corrected. 

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American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

The  object  of  the  device  is  to  re-position  the  weight 
carrying  points  by  distributing  it  evenly  over  the  heel. 
Should  the  heels  wear  to  the  outside  the  thick  part 
of  the  device  should  be  placed  on  the  inner  side  of  the 


No.  78.     Antiseptic  Foot  Powder  being  applied  to  the  foot     This  should  be 
shaken  over  the  foot  and  into  the  stocking  daily. 


heel,  thereby  lessening  the  pressure  to  the  outer  side. 

The  bathing  of  the  feet  and  the  massage  is  best 
taken  in  the  evening,  and  before  putting  on  the  stock- 
ings. Dr.  Schoirs  Foot  Powder  should  be  sprinkled 
over  the  foot  and  between  the  toes,  to  keep  them  soft 
and  to  absorb  any  moisture.  Likewise,  a  quantity 
should  be  sprinkled  into  the  inside  of  the  stocking  and 
shoe. 

If  this  treatment  is  resorted  to,  normal  feet  will  be 
kept  so  and  abnormal  conditions  made  normal.  Stock- 
ings should  be  changed  every  day. 

SHOES  SLIPPING  AT  THE  HEELS 

The  Practipedist  and  shoe  fitter  will  undoubtedly 
have  many  opportunities  to  correct  this  very  annoy- 
ing condition.  Pumps,  slippers  and  low  cut  shoes  in 
general  may  be  carefully  fitted  and  yet  have  a  tend- 
ency to  slip  at  the  heel,  causing  tenderness  to  the  heel 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

itself,  and  producing  considerable  wear  and  friction 
on  the  hosiery  of  the  wearer. 

This  can  be  quickly  corrected  by  applying  a  pair  of 
Dr.  Scholl's  Nu  Grip  Heel  Liners  to  the  inner  lining 
of  the   shoe.     They  are   very   quickly   attached  by 


No.  78A.     Showing   Nu-Grip    attached   to   low    shoe.     This   device   prevents 
shoes  from  slipping  at  the  heel. 

slightly  moistening  the  glued  surface  of  the  device 
and  placing  it  in  position  and  pressing  it  firmly  with 
the  fingers  until  every  part  of  the  Nu  Grip  has  thor- 
oughly adhered  to  the  shoe  lining.  In  applying  the 
device  it  is  very  important  that  the  shoe  be  dry  and 
clean.  It  is  advisable  to  allow  the  shoe  to  stand  some 
time  after  applying  so  that  the  glue  will  have  time  to 
thoroughly  dry. 

TENDER  SPOTS  ON  THE  FEET 

Many  times  a  shoe  customer  will  complain  of  tender 
spots  or  irritations  from  wearing  new  or  tight  shoes. 
This  is  especially  true  among  the  women  customers, 
due  to  the  present  type  of  ladies'  footwear.    Pumps, 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


fancy  cut-outs  and  straps  often  bind  certain  parts  of 
the  feet,  causing  ridges,  pressure  or  irritation. 


A.  Zino    pads,    corn    size,    for    corns    and 
tender   toes. 


B.      Zino  pad,    callous   size, 
for  callouses  on  ball. 


D.  Bunion  size  for  tender  joints. 


C  Zino  pads,  callous  size,  for  tender 
joint  and  callouses. 


E.  Zino  pad,  callous  size,  to  relieve  rub-        F.  Zino   pads   on    instep   to   prevent 
bing  and  tenderness  at   the  heel.  pumps  or  new  shoes  blistering. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

Prompt  relief  is  given  by  applying  Dr.  ScnoH's  Zino- 
pads  to  the  tender  spot.  By  applying  these  pads  at 
the  point  of  pressure  or  friction,  relief  is  given  to  blis- 
ters and  further  annoyance  is  prevented. 

HOW  TO  HANDLE  A  CUSTOMER 

1.  Making  a  good  impression  is  an  important  part 
of  the  professional  man's  duties,  and  whether  you  are 
in  an  office  or  in  the  shoe  store  the  result  and  effect 
is  practically  the  same.  As  this  elementary  course 
is  primarily  written  for  the  benefit  of  shoe  men,  a  few 
terse  pointers  will  be  given  both  as  to  salesmanship 
and  the  professional  work.  Personal  appearance  has 
much  to  do  with  impression — clean  linen — clothes 
pressed — shoes  polished — clean  shaven. 

2.  After  the  customer  is  seated  and  made  com- 
fortable and  you  are  ready  to  give  your  attention, 
look  over  the  shoes  while  you  are  removing  them. 
You  are  able  to  diagnose  many  symptoms  and  recog- 
nize numerous  abnormal  conditions  of  the  feet  by 
the  way  the  shoe  is  worn. 

3.  As  you  unbutton  or  unlace  the  shoe  you  can 
easily  recognize  if  the  upper  is  spread  over  the  sole, 
if  there  is  an  enlarged  toe  joint  at  either  the  great 
or  small  toe  and  you  are  also  enabled  to  see  if  the  toes 
are  cramped  and  drawn  up,  causing  pressure  through 
the  upper  leather,  and  if  the  leather  is  cracked  or 
hardened  from  perspiration. 

Likewise  you  will  be  able  to  discover  if  the  instep  is 
high  and  whether  there  are  any  prominent  projec- 
tions over  the  instep  caused  by  displacement  of  any 
of  the  bones  of  the  transverse  arch. 

4.  Now,  when  you  remove  the  shoe,  remove  it 
carefully.  Give  the  impression  at  once  that  you  are 
careful,  conscientious  and  interested.  Before  placing 
it  on  the  floor  turn  it  over  and  look  at  the  sole  and 
the  heels.     Notice  how  they  are  worn.     See  if  the 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

patient  has  sufficient  length  and  ball  room.  Notice 
if  the  shanks  are  broken  down.  Observe  if  there  are 
thin  spots  or  holes  worn  through  the  outsole  across 
and  near  the  ball.  If  so,  it  indicates  that  the  weight 
is  being  thrown  on  the  heads  of  the  second  and  third 
metatarsals  instead  of  being  properly  carried  at  the 
first  and  fifth. 

5.  Place  your  hand  in  the  shoe  and  run  your  fin- 
gers over  the  inner  sole  and  you  will  notice  depres- 
sions either  at  the  ball,  caused  by  the  Anterior  Meta- 
tarsal Arch  being  depressed  or  you  will  find  depres- 
sions in  the  inner  sole  to  the  outside  along  the  edge 
of  the  upper  which  would  indicate  a  weakness  of  the 
arch  by  allowing  the  foot  to  shift  and  slide  forward. 


No.  79.  Every  customer's  feet  should  be  carefully  examined  for  any  abnormal 
condition.  It  will  make  shoe  fitting  easier  and  enable  the  Prac- 
tipedist  to  apply  the  correct  appliance  and  it  also  gives  a  good 
impression  to  the  patient. 

6.  You  have  now  received  a  fair  idea  from  the 
external  conditions  indicated  by  the  shoe.  Always 
remove  both  shoes.  Before  having  the  customer  or 
patient  stand  take  particular  notice  whether  the 
stocking  is  of  the  pointed  toe  variety  and  is  short 
and  restricts  the  action  of  the  toes.    Then  holding  the 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

foot  at  the  heel  with  the  left  hand  carefully  go  over 
the  sole  of  the  foot  with  the  right  hand  to  learn  if 
there  are  any  callosities.  Examine  and  make  test  for 
abnormal  condition  at  the  ball  of  the  foot  or  Anterior 
Metatarsal  Arch. 

7.  If  there  are  callosities,  ask  the  question,  "Do 
these  callouses  cause  you  much  pain  or  discomfort? 
Do  your  toes  feel  cramped?  Do  the  soles  of  your 
feet  burn?"  Then  after  you  have  discovered  that 
the  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  is  weakened  and  that 
there  is  a  displacement  of  one  or  more  of  the  meta- 
tarsal heads,  cause  pressure  there  and  point  out  to 
the  patient  that  your  reason  for  asking  the  questions 
was  because  you  noticed  a  weakened  condition  of 
the  anterior  arch. 

8.  Then  notice  the  longitudinal  arch.  Also  notice 
carefully  if  the  ankles  tip  in  slightly  when  weight  is 
placed  on  the  foot.  Also  notice  whether  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  arch  is  lowered,  being  easily  recog- 
nized by  the  elongated  appearance  of  the  heel.  You 
may  then  ask  additional  questions  such  as — 

"Do  you  ever  notice  a  burning  or  cramping  sensa- 
tion on  the  ball  of  the  foot  or  sole  of  the  foot?" 

"Do  your  toes  feel  cramped  or  feel  that  your  shoes 
should  have  more  space  about  the  toes?" 

"Do  you  notice  that  a  new  shoe  loses  its  shape  and 
looks  shabby  before  it  should?" 

"Do  you  have  pains  in  the  heels?"  (Cause  pressure 
on  the  heel  with  your  thumb  or  forefinger.) 

"Do  you  tire  easily  after  walking?" 

"Do  you  have  rheumatic-like  pains  in  your  feet  or 
limbs?" 

The  customer  will  naturally  be  very  much  inter- 
ested by  the  intelligent  way  you  have  conducted  your- 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

self  and  invariably  say,  "Yes,  I  have  noticed  that  my 
feet  have  been  giving  me  considerable  trouble  and 
that  they  burn  on  the  soles  and  tire  and  ache  after 
much  standing,  just  as  you  mention." 

9.  You  then  may  explain  that  she  should  have  no 
more  trouble  with  her  feet  than  her  hands.  "If  they 
were  normal  you  would  be  able  to  walk,  run  or 
dance  without  bodily  fatigue,  tiring  or  aching  of  the 
feet  or  limbs.  Your  trouble  seems  to  be  a  weakened 
condition  of  the  foot."  If  it  is  a  weak  arch  in  the 
early  stages  you  may  say,  "When  the  weight  is  taken 
off,  the  foot  assumes  a  perfectly  natural  shape  and 
you  will  notice  you  have  naturally  a  high  arch,  but 
owing  to  the  weakened  condition  of  the  foot,  when 
the  weight  is  placed  upon  it,  it  stretches  out  and  flat- 
tens to  a  certain  degree  so  that  after  much  standing 
or  walking  the  ligaments  and  muscles  become  tired 
and  relaxed  and  allow  the  foot  to  stretch  to  an  un- 
natural extent." 

10.  If  it  is  a  lady  and  a  weakened  arch  condition 
is  present,  you  may  say,  "I  will  fit  you  to  a  device, 
Dr.  ScholTs  Foot-Eazer,  which  you  can  wear  in  this 
shoe  unnoticeably.  This  will  not  only  give  imme- 
diate relief,  rest  and  comfort  to  your  feet,  but  it  will 
permanently  correct  the  cause  of  your  trouble  so  that 
in  a  remarkably  short  time  you  will  be  permanently 
relieved  of  this  condition." 

11.  Then,  when  you  select  the  proper  size  Foot- 
Eazer  or  other  style  of  Dr.  Scholl  Appliance  needed 
according  to  your  diagnosis  use  arch  fitter  and  raw 
hide  hammer  and  do  the  fitting.  Do  not  arch  the 
appliance  too  high,  especially  when  it  is  first  placed 
into  the  shoe.  Do  not  give  it  to  the  customer  to 
look  at,  but  place  it  immediately  inside  the  shoe  and 
have  the  customer  stand. 

12.  Then  suggest,  "Doesn't  that  feel  better  to  your 
foot?"    "Don't  you  feel  the  bracing  and  restful  sup- 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

port  it  gives  and  don't  you  notice  that  it  gives  you 
more  freedom  to  the  toes?"  "Doesn't  it  seem  to  brace 
you  up  all  over?" 

13.  If  the  support  is  fitted  too  high  and  the  cus- 
tomer complains  of  the  pressure,  always  be  quick  and 
willing  to  make  the  adjustment  and  place  it  back  into 
the  shoe  and  suggest  that  it  will  be  more  comfortable. 

14.  Always  button  or  lace  up  the  shoe  after  the 
appliance  is  placed  inside  of  it.  It  is  well  to  explain 
that  the  Dr.  Scholl  Appliances  are  all  based  on  scien- 
tific principles  and  your  own  knowledge  of  Practi- 
pedics enables  you  to  give  comfort  by  making  the 
proper  adjustments  and  using  these  appliances  indi- 
cated in  each  and  every  case.  You  may  point  out 
also  that  no  larger  size  shoe  is  needed  and  that  any 
stylish  shoe  can  be  worn  with  comfort.  Try  to  im- 
press the  patient  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  wear  large, 
unsightly  looking  footwear  because  by  your  Practi- 
pedic  method  and  Dr.  Scholl's  Appliances  you  are  able 
to  relieve  the  cause  of  the  trouble  which  will  then 
permit  the  customer  to  wear  the  style  of  shoe  best 
suited. 

15.  The  questions  may  be  asked  (that  is,  if  you 
are  fitting  an  appliance  like  the  Foot-Eazer,  Tri- 
Spring,  or  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support) ,  "After 
I  have  once  commenced  the  wearing  of  these  appli- 
ances won't  I  always  be  compelled  to  wear  them?" 
Your  reply  should  be  very  decisive,  "No.  There  is 
an  abnormal  condition  present  in  your  feet.  The  ob- 
ject of  this  appliance  is  to  correct  that  abnormal  con- 
dition and  assist  Nature  in  bringing  about  a  perma- 
nent cure.  It  gives  immediate  relief  and  by  the 
mechanical  pressure  and  correction  which  is  exerted 
the  displaced  bones  are  lifted  and  held  up  to  their 
natural  position,  abnormal  pressure  and  strain  are 
removed  from  the  soft  structures  such  as  the  arteries, 
veins,  and  the  strain  is  lessened  on  the  ligaments  and 
muscles." 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

16.  By  correcting  these  displaced  bones  Nature 
responds  by  improving  the  circulation,  which  at  once 
builds  up  the  tissue  and  strengthens  the  parts  of  the 
foot  and  by  removing  this  abnormal  strain  Nature 
holds  the  bones  up  and  stimulates  muscular  action 
so  that  in  a  short  time  permanent  relief  can  be  ob- 
tained. If  the  case  is  of  long  standing  and  in  an  aggra- 
vated state  it  is  best  not  to  promise  more  than  relief 
and  that  the  treatment  will  restore  normal  use  to  the 
feet,  with  a  full  degree  of  comfort." 

17.  In  the  early  stages,  however,  thousands  of 
cases  are  on  record  where  the  appliances  can  be  laid 
aside  after  three  to  four  months'  wearing.  Frequently 
less  time  than  that  is  required. 

If  the  question  is  asked,  "Can  I  wear  these  appli- 
ances in  any  shoe  ?"  you  reply,  "Yes,  if  the  shoes  are 
practically  on  the  same  type,  that  is,  if  you  wear  about 
this  same  height  heel,  shape  and  size  of  shoe.  See,  I 
have  adjusted  these  appliances  to  give  you  the  neces- 
sary correction  according  to  the  poise  of  the  foot  in 
this  style  of  a  shoe.  If  you  change  to  a  low  heel  shoe 
it  changes  the  poise  of  the  foot  and  naturally  I  must 
make  a  different  adjustment  to  give  you  the  same 
amount  of  corrective  help." 

18.  "Now,  if  you  have  another  style  of  shoe  that 
you  wish  to  wear,  such  as  golf  shoes  or  a  high  heel 
dress  shoe,  then  bring  this  shoe  in  to  me  and  I  will 
adjust  another  pair  of  appliances  to  give  you  the 
amount  of  correction  and  comfort  in  that  particular 
type  of  shoe." 

19.  In  handling  a  customer  or  a  patient  with  a 
bunion  foot  explain  that  most  cases  of  so-called  Bun- 
ions or  Hallux  Valgus,  are  caused  by  undue  pressure 
at  the  first  metatarso-phalangeal  joint  or  it  may  be 
caused  and  accompanied  by  weakened  arch  and  flat- 
foot.  There  are  many  cases  of  bunions  that  can  be 
relieved  by  fitting  the  foot  to  a  pair  of  Dr.  Scholl's 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

Foot-Eazers,  the  object  being  to  take  the  weight  off 
the  first  metatarsal  joint  and  distribute  it  evenly  over 
the  weight  carrying  surface. 

20.  In  examining  a  bunion  foot  notice  if  the  great 
toe  is  rigid  or  if  you  can  straighten  it  without  much 
force.  Then  use  your  treatment  accordingly  and  al- 
ways use  selling  suggestions  that  will  make  the  im- 
pression and  satisfy  the  customer  without  a  question 
of  doubt  that  not  only  you  as  a  Practipedist  know 
your  business  thoroughly  but  that  the  appliances 
which  you  have  accepted  as  being  the  most  scientific 
will  give  the  comfort,  relief  and  correction  that  is 
needed  in  each  case. 

21.  If  you  fit  a  pair  of  Foot-Eazers  to  relieve  the 
pressure  on  the  bunion  joint  and  to  equalize  the  body's 
weight,  explain  why  and  how  this  treatment  will  give 
relief  to  the  bunion  joint. 

22.  If  you  fit  a  Toe-Flex  explain  how  this  exerts  a 
gentle  pressure  in  straightening  the  great  toe  and  if 
the  joint  is  much  enlarged  and  requires  a  bunion  re- 
ducer to  remove  the  shoe  pressure  and  relieve  the 
local  irritation  explain  why  it  reduces  the  swelling 
and  inflammation  and  how,  by  stimulating  local  cir- 
culation the  accumulated  tissue  cells  are  carried  away 
through  the  circulation. 

23.  On  the  subject  of  corns  and  callouses  it  is 
well  to  explain  that  they  are  caused  by  friction  or 
pressure  and  possibly  both.  If  there  is  a  depressed 
metatarsal  head  pushing  down  on  the  soft  and  thin 
tissues  against  the  insole  of  the  shoe,  this  pressure 
causes  a  callous.  First,  it  sets  up  a  slight  local  irri- 
tation and  the  skin  becomes  red  and  tender.  Finally 
a  callous  forms  on  the  outer  layer  of  the  skin.  It 
is  a  result  of  Nature's  attempt  to  protect  the  under- 
lying tissues  from  injury.  When  these  layers  of  dead 
skin  or  tissue  pile  up  and  become  hardened  it  causes 

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American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

pressure  on  the  nerves  in  the  under  layer  of  skin 
and  this  causes  pain. 

To  use  a  knife  and  cut  away  this  tissue  is  working 
against  Nature  unless  the  cause  is  removed.  Try  to 
explain  and  impress  your  customer  with  the  number 
of  steps  taken  each  day,  multiplying  the  body's 
weight  with  the  number  of  steps  taken  and  you  have 
the  amount  of  strain  and  pressure  the  feet  are  com- 
pelled to  carry  each  and  every  day. 

24.  Explain  that  the  feet  must  have  care  and  as  a 
part  of  your  Practipedic  Treatment  always  suggest 
Dr.  ScholFs  "3"  Necessities.  It  will  at  once  increase 
the  value  of  mechanical  appliances  and  be  a  means 
of  giving  more  comfort  to  the  feet.  This  can  be  best 
brought  to  a  customer's  attention  by  bringing  the 
treatment  to  him  or  her  and  saying,  "Now,  this  is  the 
home  treatment  for  you  to  use  in  addition  to  the 
appliances  to  get  the  feet  into  a  healthy  condition. 
You  will  find  full  directions  on  each  package."  If 
necessary  you  can  give  a  short  explanation  of  how 
each  of  the  items  are  to  be  used. 

25.  Suggest  that  your  customer  keep  Zino  pads  in 
the  three  sizes  on  hand  at  all  times  to  protect  the  feet 
and  to  relieve  corns,  callouses  and  bunions. 

FITTING  OF  SHOES 

The  very  foundation  and  principles  upon  which 
the  science  of  Practipedics  is  built  depends  upon  the 
correct  fitting  of  shoes  and  foot  gear  in  general.  It 
would  not  be  exaggerating  to  say  that  in  40  per  cent 
of  the  cases  of  foot  troubles  which  the  Practipedist 
is  asked  to  relieve,  the  predisposing  cause  will  be 
found  to  be  in  the  shoes  and  stockings. 

Shoes  that  are  fitted  too  short,  too  narrow,  the 
wrong  shape,  the  wrong  style,  all  end  up  in  some 
minor  foot  disorder.  But  unless  this  cause  is  quickly 
removed,  the  damage  is  already  done  to  the  foot,  foot 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

weakness  develops,  malformations  take  place  and  me- 
chanical aid  must  then  be  resorted  to  to  give  relief. 

With  a  fundamental  knowledge  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  foot  such  as  you  have  mastered  in  the  foregoing 
lessons,  you  will  be  able  to  fit  shoes  more  correctly, 
and  where  there  is  any  serious  or  minor  foot  weak- 
ness, you  will  be  able  to  correct  it  immediately.  Use 
your  knowledge.  You  will  soon  acquire  the  knack  of 
quickly  sizing  up  the  shape  of  the  foot  before  you  and 
know  whether  there  is  any  abnormal  condition  that 


No.  80.     Showing  standard  positions  of  measurements.     These  same  points  of 
measuring  are  also  used  in  measuring  lasts. 


requires  your  scientific  knowledge  other  than  mere 
fitting. 

There  are  several  types  of  measure  sticks  and  meth- 
ods of  measuring  the  feet.  If  you  use  a  standard  plain 
measure  stick,  it  is  advisable  to  have  the  customer 
stand  and  make  an  allowance  from  two  three  sizes 
in  addition  to  what  the  stick  calls  for.  This  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  give  sufficient  length  to  the  shoe. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

The  authorized  method,  however,  is  using  a  special 
stick  where  an  allowance  has  already  been  made  for 
the  expansion  of  the  foot.  This  is  known  as  Dr. 
Schoirs  Foot  Measure  and  Shoe  Size  Indicator.  The 
scale  is  most  carefully  reckoned  out  according  to  the 
requirements  of  the  foot  based  on  standard  measure- 
ments of  shoes  so  that  the  figure  on  the  scale  at  the 
end  of  the  great  toe  indicates  the  correct  length  of 
shoe.    Then  by  taking  the  width  of  the  foot  in  the 


No.  81.     Dr.  Schoirs  Foot  Measure  and  Shoe  Size  Indicator. 


same  manner  and  referring  to  the  scale  on  the  back 
of  the  Indicator,  you  will  be  able  to  tell  the  correct 
width. 

This  method,  of  course,  is  a  scientific  and  carefully 
studied  out  basis  of  measurements,  but  the  student 
should  understand  that  the  type  of  foot  is  to  be  taken 
into  consideration  and  slight  variances  may  be  in 
order. 

Many  times  shoes  do  not  come  up  to  standard 
measurements  and  occasionally  manufacturers  will 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

change  the  shape  of  the  last  at  the  toe  and  in  doing 
so  the  shoe  is  shortened  from  one-half  to  full  size. 
Furthermore,  occasionally  a  person  will  wear  a  shoe 
longer  than  is  necessary,  and  so  that  the  Practipedist 
will  be  enabled  to  know  exactly  the  size  of  the  shoe 
the  customer  has  been  wearing,  Dr.  ScnoH's  Shoe  Size 


No.  81A.     Dr.  Scholl's  Foot  Measure  and  Shoe  Size  Indicator — measuring  foe 
width  of  shoe. 

Indicator  has  been  prepared  for  this  purpose.  It  is 
placed  inside  the  shoe,  the  expansion  spring  is  re- 
leased so  that  the  detector  touches  the  extreme  inside 
measurements  of  the  shoe,  viz.,  heel  and  toe.  A 
thumb  screw  is  then  tightened,  the  detector  removed 
which  plainly  shows  the  exact  inside  measurement 
of  the  shoe. 

In  measuring  feet  it  is  very  important  to  observe 
the  stretch  or  expansion  of  the  foot  with  the  body's 
weight.  If  there  is  more  than  one  size  expansion, 
then  be  careful  of  arch  weakness. 


No.  82.     Dr.    Scholl's    Shoe    Size    Detector   to    Measure    Exact    Shoe    Length. 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 

In  addition  to  fitting  the  foot  properly  and  obtain- 
ing the  foot  length,  remember  that  an  appliance  fitted 
must  also  be  conducive  to  the  customers  foot  com- 
fort and  satisfactory  shoe  wear. 

Please  note  in  the  illustrations,  "A,"  showing  the 
foot  without  weight  on;  "B,"  showing  the  same  foot 
with  weight  on.  Normal  feet,  of  course,  expand 
slightly,  but  usually  less  than  one-half  size.     If  the 


No.  82A.     Comparing  Standard  Size  Given  by  Size  Detector  or  Counter  Size 
Make  in  Shoe. 


foot  you  are  fitting  expands  more  than  this,  look  for 
arch  weakness. 

As  to  high  heels,  in  the  old  school,  medical  prac- 
titioners would  recommend  or  even  go  so  far  as  to 
prescribe  flat-heeled  shoes  for  all  persons  complain- 
ing of  foot  trouble.  This  practice,  however,  has  been 
proven  to  be  a  fallacy  and  is  discontinued  by  up-to- 
date  Orthopedists  and  Practipedists.  For  the  mo- 
ment, consider  the  development  of  the  use  of  heels, 
beginning  with  a  child.  Its  first  pair  of  hard-soled 
shoes ;  the  next  with  wedges — and  finally  come  spring 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

heels ;  then  gradually,  step  by  step,  an  extra  lift  added 
and  especially,  if  a  girl,  will  soon  wish  grown-up  girls' 
shoe  styles,  and  finally  will  be  wearing  heels  from 
one  and  a  half,  one  and  three-quarters  to  two  inches 


/       2-     *3     +     ^r      6      7 


No.  83.     Showing  stretching  out  or  elongation  of  weak  foot. 
A,    Shows  foot  without  weight;    B,   weight  on   foot. 


and  possibly  two  and  one-eighth  inches  in  height. 
While  this  is  being  done,  Nature,  in  her  gracious  way 
is  foreshortening  the  big  muscles  of  the  calf  and  the 
Achilles  tendon  attached  to  the  Os  Calsis  or  heel  bone, 
until  finally  the  foot  assumes  in  a  relaxed  condition 
the  position  of  the  high-heeled  shoe. 

It  is  impossible,  therefore,  to  expect  a  person  to 
have  comfort  in  a  flat-heeled  shoe  after  Nature  has 
provided  ample  accommodations  for  the  higher  heel. 
If  it  is  necessary  to  make  a  change  back  to  lower  heels, 

125 


American   School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 


do  it  gradually.  So,  to  give  comfort  in  shoes,  select 
the  shoe  that  is  adapted  to  the  customer's  feet  as 
nearly  as  possible  in  style  and  shape.  In  fitting,  give 
ample  room  for  the  toes,  width  at  the  ball  and  a  firm, 
snug  fit  through  the  heel  and  waist,  using  your  judg- 
ment of  the  anatomical  requirements  laid  before  you 
in  this  course  of  Practipedics. 

PEDO-GRAPH  IMPRESSIONS 


No.  84.     Pedograph  (print  of  sole  of  foot)  being  taken  on  Dr.  Scholl's  Pedo- 
graph machine. 

For  the  Practipedist  or  shoe  fitter,  Pedo-Graphs  or 
sole  impressions  have  a  distinct  value.    Until  the  in- 

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American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

vention  and  perfecting  of  Dr.  Scholl's  Pedo-Graph 
machine,  the  methods  of  obtaining  impressions  of  the 
feet  were  difficult  and  unsatisfactory.  By  this  new 
device  a  clear  impression  can  be  made  of  the  sole  of 
the  foot,  which  immediately  portrays  the  structural 
condition  of  the  foot,  bearing  points,  any  abnormal 


No.  85.     Pedographs   of  feet,    showing  three  distinct  conditions:    A,    normal 
arch;  B,  weakened  arch;  C,  flatfoot. 


condition,  such  as  weakened  metatarsal  arch,  cal- 
louses, flat  foot,  contracted  toes,  etc.,  and  at  the  same 
time  gives  the  correct  length  measurement  of  the  foot 
to  be  used  in  fitting  shoes. 

The  paper  blanks  on  which  the  Pedo-Graphs  are 
made  are  very  useful  in  making  an  analysis  of  the 
foot  condition  and  also  in  convincing  the  customer  the 
style  of  appliance  and  shoe  required. 


127 


American  School  of  Practipedics,   Chicago 
REVIEW  QUESTIONS  FOR  LESSON  No.  5 


What  is  the  first   requisite  in  practipedic 
work? 

What  apparatus  is  most  essential  in  making 
adjustments? 

How  would  you  go  about  to  fit  a  foot  with 
appliances? 

How  would  you  determine  the  length? 

What  constitutes  a  good  fitting  arch  sup- 
port? 

Why  is  it  necessary  to  adjust  differently  for 
a  high  and  low-heeled  shoe? 

What  would  you  do  for  slipping  at  the  heel? 

What  is  Hallux  Valgus? 

What  would  you  do  to  relieve  the  shoe  pres- 
sure on  a  bunion? 

What  is  the  approved  method  of  correcting 
a  Hallux  Valgus  or  bunion  condition? 

What  would  you  do  for  a  painful  great  toe? 

Why  do  corns  form? 

How  would  you  relieve  painful  corns? 

Why  are  there  callouses  on  the  sole? 

What  is  the  treatment  for  Chilblains? 

What  is  the  cause  of  ingrowing  toe  nails? 

What  is  the  proper  care  for  the  feet? 

How  do  you  measure  feet  for  shoes? 

Students  having  completed  the  above  review  ques- 
tions will  now  write  to  American  School  of  Practi- 
pedics,  211  W.  Schiller  Street,  Chicago,  for  final  ex- 
amination papers. 

129 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


Anatomical  Models 

At  a  tremendous  expense  we  have  arranged 
with  one  of  the  foremost  anatomists  to  de- 
sign and  construct  nature-like 
models  of  the  foot  and  leg.  They 
are  made  of  papier  mache,  exactly 
reproducing  the  parts  of  dissec- 
tion of  the  humanfoot.  The  vari- 
ous structures  are 
beautifully  c  o  1  - 
ored  and  repre- 
sent the  natural 
tissues.  They  are 
of  great  advan- 
tage to  the  stu-  1 
dent  in  the  study 
of  the  foot. 
Many  different 
models  to  select 
from. 


Write  for  complete  sixteen  page  catalog  of 
Anatomical  Models  of  the  human  foot  and 
leg,  mailed  free. 

THE  SCHOLL  MFG.  CO.,  Inc. 

213  West  Schiller  Street,  Chicago 

62  West  14th  Street,  New  York  City 

112  Adelaide  Street  East,  Toronto 


130 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


WORLD'S     LARGEST    AND    MOST 

COMPLETE  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR  FOOT  COMFORT 


B^^Nfe, 


mmii  wit  ua*.  J *.* 


Here  you  see  the  plant  of  the  world's 
largest  manufacturers  and  distributors  of 
Foot  Comfort  Appliances  and  Remedies 
for  the  relief  of  and  comfort  for  the  feet. 
We  occupy  over  100,000  feet  of  floor  space 
in  the  above  daylight  factory,  containing 
all  the  manufacturing  departments,  chem- 
ical laboratories  and  general  offices. 

Students  are  cordially  invited  to  call  and 
visit  our  headquarters  when  visiting  Chi- 
cago, or  any  of  our  branch  offices  in  the 
principal  cities  throughout  the  world. 

Write  for  catalog  and  complete  price  list. 

THE  SCHOLL  MFG.  CO.,  Inc. 

213  West  Schiller  Street,  Chicago 

112  Adelaide  Street,  East,  Toronto 

62  West  14th  Street,  New  York  City 

Granville  Square,  W.  C.  1,  London 


131 


American  School  of  Practipedics,  Chicago 

THE  GOODS  YOU  NEED  IN 
PRACTIPEDIC  WORK 


WHAT  THEY  WILL  DO 

Dr.  ScholFs  Tru-Span  Arch  Support 

For  heavy  weight  people  and  severe  case*. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Tri-Spring  Arch  Support 

For  flat-foot,  broken  arch  and  severe  cases — heavy  people. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Foot-Eazer 

For  easing  and  restoring  the  feet  to  healthy  condition.   For 
holding  up  the  arch.  For  tired  feet,  callouses,  weak  ankles. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  No.  1 

For   weakened   transverse   arch,   cramped   toes,    callouses 
and  cramplike  pains. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  No.  2 

Same  as  No.  1  without  flange  and  for  use  where  there  is 
no  longitudinal  weakness. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  No.  3 

For  Metatarsalgia  or  painful  Morton's  Toe,  where  weak- 
ness exists  in  the  longitudinal  arch. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Anterior  Metatarsal  Arch  Support  No.  5 

For  Metatarsalgia  or  painful  Morton's  Toe,  where  there  is 
no  weakness  in  the  longitudinal  arch. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Toe  Flex 

For  straightening  crooked  toes  and  bunions. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Bunion  Reducer 

To  hide  the  deformity  of  an  enlarged  joint.    Takes  off  shoe 
pressure  and  reduces  the  enlargement. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Digito  Appliance 

For  Bunions  and  Hallus  Valgus  to  act  as  a  corrector  and 
protector. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Bunion  Spring 

To  act  as  a  lever  and  correct  bunions  and  Hallux  Valgus. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Reform  Arch  Support 

Made   with   side  slits  and  hand   drilled  holes  to  prevent 
cracking.     Made  in  children's  sizes. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Uplift  Arch  Support 

Light,  easy  support  for  mild  cases  of  flat  and  weak  foot. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Absorbo  Pads 

For  corns,  tender  Joints  and  callouses.    Made  of  rubber  in 
all  sizes. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Fixo  Corn  Plasters 

For  hard  corns,  quick  relief  sure  removal. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Walk-Strate  Heel  Pad 

Prevents  crooked,  run-down  heels. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Nu-Grip 

Prevent  slipping   or  rubbing  in   the  heel  of  pumps,   low 
shoes  and  dancing  slippers. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Heel  Cushion 

To  act  as  a  cushion  or  bed  for  the  heel  to  rest  upon. 

132 


American  School  of   Practipedics,   Chicago 

Dr.  Scholl's  Pedico  Foot  Soap 

Thoroughly  cleans  and  removes  dry  skin  and  stimulates 
circulation. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Foot  Balm 

For  tender,  burning,  perspiring  feet.    Penetrating,  cooling, 
soothing. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Foot  Powder 

To  be  used  over  foot  and  in  shoe.     Cools,  deodorizes  and 
prevents  blisters. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Bromidrosis  Powder 

For  diseased  sweat  glands  and  strong  foot  and  body  odors. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Callous  Salve 

Removes  hard  callouses  on  bottom  of  feet. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Right  and  Left  Hose 

Straight  inside  line  and  a  perfect  fit  to  natural  shape  of 
foot. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Ligtone  Lotion 

For  aches  and  pains  caused  by  muscular  and  ligamentous 
strain. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Corn  Salve 

For  sore,  inflamed,  sensitive  corns.   Removes  pressure  and 
friction  and  loosens  the  corn. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Zino-pads 

For  corns,  bunions,  callouses  and  tender  spots. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Hammer  Toe  Spring 

For  straightening  hammer  toes  and  contracted  toes. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Arch  Fitter  and  Hammer 

For  making  individual  adjustments  of  appliances  to  each 
case. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Anatomical  Charts  of  Foot  and  Leg 

One  on  osteology,  one  on  muscles,  tendons  and  ligaments 
and  one  on  veins,  arteries  and  nerves. 

"Dictionary  of  the  Foot,"  by  Dr.  William  M.  Scholl 

A  great  help  to  the  shoe  man  who  wishes  to  educate  him- 
self. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Plaster  Foot 

Showing  formation  of  bones  with  Foot-Eazer  in  position 
supporting  arch. 

"The   Human    Foot-Anatomy,    Deformities    and    Treatment'9 
by  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Scholl 

A  Book  that  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  shoe  man 
and  student  of  the   foot. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Shoe  Size  Detector 

Registers  inside  measurements  of  shoes. 

Dr.  Scholl's  Foot  Measure  and  Shoe  Size  Indicator 

Measures  foot  and  tells  length  and  width  of  shoe. 

All  made  under  the  patents  and  formulas  of 

Dr.  William  M.  Scholl,  by 

THE  SCHOLL  MFG.  CO. 

Chicago  New  York  Toronto  London 

133 


American   School   of   Practipedics,   Chicago 


STUDY  CHIROPODY 

GRADUATE  CHIROPODISTS  EARN 
FROM  $5,000  TO  $15,000  A  YEAR 

Shoemen  and  women  real- 
ize the  great  possibilities 
of  chiropody.  Many  are 
making  splendid  earnings 
in  this  new  high  grade, 
dignified  profession. 
Illinois  College,  largest 
chiropody  school,  now  in 
its  fourteenth  year  offers 
the  student  training  under 
a  fine  faculty  and  in  the 
greatest  of  clinics,  where 
over  16,000  foot  cases  are 
treated  annually. 
Write  for  catalogue,  en- 
trance requirements, 
courses,  etc. 

ILLINOIS  COLLEGE  OF  CHIROPODY 

1327  N.  CLARK  STREET,  CHICAGO 


WRITE  FOR 
OUR  NEW 
CATALOG 


In  addition  to  being  a  highly  use- 
ful listing  of  the  Foot  Comfort 
Appliances  and  Remedies  in- 
vented and  perfected  by  Dr. 
Scholl,  our  latest  catalog,  just  off 
the  press,  will  be  found  to  contain 
much  information  on  feet,  foot 
comfort  and  shoes. 

It  outlines  the  great  possibilities 
of  a  Foot  Comfort  Department 
and  shows  the  reader  how  he  can 
make  the  most  of  his  study  of 
Practipedics,  turning  his  training 
to  profitable  account. 

Write  for  it.     It  is  free. 


THE  SCHOLL  MFG.  CO.,  Inc. 

Chicago  New  York  Toronto  London 


''■•'  m  ';'"»:' 

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